MAN— SEXUAL DIFFERENCES. 555 



length of the back-bone and of the arms, Ini various races; and 

 nearly all these measurements show that the males differ much 

 more from one another than do the females. This fact indicates 

 that, as far as these characters are concerned, it is the male which 

 has been chiefly modified, since the several races diverged from 

 their common stock. 



The development of the beard and the hairiness of the body dif- 

 fer remarkably in the men of distinct races, and even in different 

 tribes or families of the same race. We Europeans see this 

 amongst ourselves. In the Island of St. Kilda, according to Mar- 

 tin," the men do not acquire beards until the age of thirty or up- 

 wards, and even then the beards are very thin. On the Europseo- 

 Asiatic continent, beards prevail until we pass beyond India; 

 though with the natives of Ceylon they are often absent, as was 

 noticed In ancient times by Diodorus." Eastward of India beards 

 disappear, as with the Siamese, Malays, Kalmucks, Chinese, and 

 Japanese; nevertheless the Alnos," who inhabit the northernmost 

 islands of the Japan Archipelago, are the hairiest men in the 

 world. With negroes the beard is scanty or wanting, and they 

 rarely have whiskers; in both sexes the body is frequently almost 

 destitute of fine down.^° On the other hand, the Papuans of the 

 Malay Archipelago, who are nearly as black as negroes, possess 

 well-developed beards.^' In the Pacific Ocean the inhabitants of 

 the Fiji Archipelago have large bushy beards, whilst those of the 

 not distant archipelagoes of Tonga and Samoa are beardless; but 

 these men belong to distinct races. In the Ellice group all the in- 

 habitants belong to the same race; yet on one island alone, namely 

 Nunemaya, "the men have splendid beards;" whilst on the other 

 islands "they have, as a rule, a dozen straggling hairs for a 

 "beard."^" 



Throughout the great American continent the men may be 

 said to be beardless; but in almost all the tribes a few short hairs 

 are apt to appear on the face, especially in old age. With the 

 tribes of North America, Catlin estimates that eighteen out of 



1= 'Voyage to St. Kilda' (3rd edit. 1753), p. 37. 



1* Sir J. B. Tennent, 'Ceylon,' vol. ii. 1859, p. 107. 



« Quatrefages, 'Revue des Cours Scientiflques,' Aug. 29, 1868, p. 630; 

 Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Bng-. translat. p. 127. 



M On the beards of negroes, Vogt, 'Lectures,' &o. p. 127; Waltz, 

 'Introduct. to Anthropology,' Engl, translat. 1863, vol. i. p. 96. It is 

 remarkable that in the United States ("Investigations in Military and 

 Anthropological Statistics of American Soldiers,' 1869, p. 569) the pure 

 negroes and their crossed offspring seem to have bodies almost as 

 hairy as Europeans. 



" Wallace, 'The Malay Arch.' vol. ii. 1869, p. 178. 



" Dr. J. Barnard Davis On Oceanic Races, in 'Anthropolog. Review,' 

 April, 1870, pp. 185, 191. 



