BIRDS OF NEW YORK 21 



Community of the wooded swamp. These birds are related to the 

 marshland and stream margin species on one side and to the forest society 

 on the other, but characteristically seem to prefer wooded country of 

 considerable extent covering damp or flooded land. Here are included 

 the Black duck, Wood duck. Great blue heron. Black-crowned night heron, 

 American woodcock, and Water thrush. 



Communities of the deciduous forest. Under this heading we might 

 make several subdivisions, as, first, those preferring the mature mesophytic 

 forest. Here might be included the Red-bellied woodpecker, Green-crested 

 flycatcher, Crested flycatcher. Yellow-throated vireo and Cerulean warbler. 

 In the same kind of forest, but determined by more or less dense growth 

 of underbrush may be found the Black-throated blue warbler, Mourning 

 warbler, Kentucky warbler, Hooded warbler, Canada warbler and Red- 

 start; and in swampy bottomlands and wooded streamsides, the Louisiana 

 water thrush; in the flooded bottomlands, the Prothonotary warbler. 

 In the deciduous woodland but also showing no objection to the presence 

 of coniferous trees and sometimes preferring the mixed woodland might 

 be mentioned the Ruffed grouse. Cooper hawk, Red-taUed hawk (mostly 

 on the higher ground and gully margins). Red-shouldered hawk (pre- 

 ferring swampy forests). Broad- winged hawk. Great horned- owl, Long- 

 eared owl. Barred owl. Saw-whet owl. Hairy woodpecker, Whippoorwill, 

 Ruby-throated humming bird. Wood pewee, Bluejay, Crow, Rose-breasted 

 grosbeak. Scarlet tanager. Red-eyed vireo. Tufted titmouse and Chickadee. 



Communities of the open woodland. Here might be included the 

 Mourning dove. Sparrow hawk. Screech owl. Downy woodpecker. Red- 

 headed woodpecker. Northern flicker. White-breasted nuthatch. 



In scattered trees or bushes in fields and along the roadside nest the 

 Kingbird, Cedar bird. Migrant shrike. 



Open woodlands with thick underbrush are characterized by such 

 species as the Yellow-billed cuckoo, Black-billed cuckoo. Least flycatcher, 

 Orchard oriole. Golden-winged warbler, Nashville warbler, Canada warbler. 

 Yellow warbler. Catbird, Brown thrasher, Carolina wren, Wilson thrush. 



