MISCELLANEOUS CLAIMS. 191 
would never dream of withdrawing from the courts 
of law to make the alleged injury a subject of claim 
against his Government. And it would greatly tend 
to the harmony of States and the peace of the world, 
if treaty stipulations were entered into in order to di- 
minish the extent and restrain the frequency of such 
private claims on foreign Governments. 
In the present condition of things, every Govern- 
ment is forced by private importunity into becoming 
too often the mere attorney of the claims of its citi- 
zens against foreign Governments, in matters where 
the party aggrieved, if aggrieved, has ample means of 
redress before the tribunals, and where his grievance 
does not in the slightest degree affect the honor of his 
own Government. 
These observations apply especially to incidents 
occurring in times of peace, in which times the acts of 
willful injury, done by any Government to foreigners 
sojourning under its treaty protection, are few in 
number compared with the injuries done to its own 
subjects or citizens, by any, the best administered 
Government either of Europe or America. On such 
occasions, the injured party not seldom exaggerates 
his case, and, by appeals to the sentiment of ctizen- 
ship in his own country, seeks to force his Govern- 
ment to interpose in his behalf, so as to obtain for him 
summary redress by diplomatic means in disregard 
of the local law. 
Meanwhile, in times of war, the resident or sojourn- 
ing foreigner is still more solicitous to be exempt from 
those ordinary consequences of military operations to 
