20 



Isolated trees and canopied forest.— Crops may, from the 

 point of view of their density, be composed either of isolated 

 stems or of trees the crowns of which touch each other 

 more or less so as to form a canopied forest. 



Complete and incomplete crop. — Tn every case a crop is, as 

 regards its density, either complete or incomplete. It is 

 complete when it presents a density conformable to its 

 nature and age : when this is not the case it is incomplete. 



Interrupted crops. — If incomplete, a crop is said to be 

 interrupted when it contains comparatively large blanks or 

 gaps. 



Blanks— Are areas interspersed in a forest and bare of 

 trees. 



Close, crowded and open crops.— The state of the canopied mass 

 may also be spoken of as crowded, close or open, according as 

 the lateral branches interlace or meet, or only slightly touch 

 at their extremities when shaken by the wind. 



Cover. — The term ' cover ' is used to express the horizontal 

 projection of the crown on the ground, and is applied both 

 to the surface of the ground so covered and also to the 

 action of the cover. 



Shade.— The term shade is applied both to the surface of 

 the ground shaded and also to the action of the shade. 



Suppression.— A plant is said to be suppressed or under 

 suppression when its growth is injured by the cover of 

 another. 



Nurse.— Trees grown in order to protect more valuable 

 young plants against the influences of the climate until 

 the latter no longer require such protection are called 

 nurses. 



Seedling. — A seedling is a young plant which results 

 directly from the germination of a seed. 



High or Seedling forest.— {'French futaie, German hochwald) 

 is a crop composed of trees which have sprung from seed. 



The true meaning of the French yrox&ftttaie, of which our term " high forest " 

 is intended to he the equivaient, is a crop composed of trees, tbe boles ifuts) of which 

 ars full grown (Gernjan baumhoUz). This meaning is still preserved in tbe French 

 term taillis-sous-fuiaie. All crops, whether derived from stool-shoots or from 

 seedlings, that have arrived at this matnre stage, are called " high forests " in French 

 working-plans. Saut percHs sur souche is a common expression in those plans. 



Such terms as young seedling forest, mature seedling 

 forest, etc., are also used to express various stages of seed- 

 ling forest development. 



