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they decay, or by merely lopping the branches ; at the same 

 time and in all cases limiting either the number of animals 

 grazed or the period during which grazing is permitted, or 

 both. Under such conditions regeneration is, as a rule, im- 

 possible, and the treatment consists in preserving the existing 

 crop as long as possible. 



Simple coppice method. — Consists in clear felling a crop in 

 such a manner that it reproduces itself naturally by means 

 of stool-shoots and suckers. In applying tliis method the 

 stumps or stools are generally felled flush with the ground, 

 so that the shoots may in due course be established in the 

 soil and become independent of the parent stool. 



The regeneration fellings made in this method are called 

 coppice fellings. 



Selection coppice method.— This method (Fr. furetage) 

 consists in cutting periodically the strongest shoots, or those 

 exceeding certain prescribed dimensions, out of each coppice 

 clump. 



The regeneration fellings in this method may be called se- 

 lection coppice fellings; but, as the method is used in 

 India only in the case of bamboos, they are often termed 

 bamboo fellings. 



Method of coppice with standards.— In this method, instead 

 of felling clean the area operated on, as in simple coppice, 

 a certain number of the most promising and valuable stems 

 are reserved at each felling to grow to a larger size over the 

 coppice. It is sought in this way to combine the advantages 

 of assured regeneration, which is principally obtained, 

 as in simple coppice, by means of stool-shoots and suckers, 

 with the production of a certain quantity of large timber. 



The regeneration fellings in this method are called stored 

 or mixed coppice fellings when they relate to the coppice, 

 and standard fellings when they relate to the trees reserved. 



The branch-coppice or pollard method.— Consists in lopping 

 or pollarding the trees in rotation at regular intervals, often 

 for cattle fodder or for manure for field crops. In some 

 cases the trees are coppiced at a height from the ground of 

 4, 6, or more feet, in order to protect the young shoots from 

 browsing animals. The fellings made may be called loppings 

 or, where the whole crown is cut, pollarding. There is no 

 regeneration felling properly so called. The trees replace 

 themselves from seed haphazard, if at all, and are allowed 

 to stand until they decay. 



