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Transformation of simple coppice into coppice with stand- 

 ards. — The operation of converting simple coppice into 

 coppice with standards is -very simple ; but, in order to produce 

 the desired capital, it has to be spread over as many rotations 

 as are necessary to obtain standards of the oldest age desired. 

 It merely consists in the reservation of the required number 

 and kind of standards in each coupe. Beyond prescribing 

 the reservation of standards no change in the working-plan 

 would be required. The fellings would otherwise be or- 

 ganized as already explained. 



METHOD OF CLEAKANCES. 



General plan. — This method, as already explained, in- 

 cludes several different forms, viz., clearings on adjacent 

 areas, clearings on alternate parallel strips, and clean 

 fellings with artificial regeneration. In all these modifica- 

 tions the possibility is determined by area, as in the method 

 of simple coppice, and the number of coupes, if annual, is 

 in each case made equal to the number of years in the ex- 

 ploitable age ; if biennial, to half the number of years, etc. 

 The fellings are, however, prescribed with some slight 

 differences in each of the modifications. 



In the system of clearings on adjacent areas, the exploi- 

 table age having been determined, the whole area is divided 

 into as many coupes of equal fertility or equal resources as 

 there are years in the exploitable age, or, if necessary, into 

 one-half or one-third as many biennial or triennial coupes, 

 one of which would be felled every year or every two or 

 three years, as the case might be. The clearances made may 

 be either clear fellings, or a certain number of trees may be 

 reserved to grow to a larger size and to assist in the regener- 

 ation by the seed they shed. Where no trees are reserved 

 natural regeneration by seed can only be secured from 

 seed shed by adjacent trees, and the average area of the clear- 

 ances should therefore be small. 



The object of the strip system, which is the same in 

 principle as that of the method of adjacent areas, is to ensure 

 natural regeneration taking place over large areas. With 



