108 



furnish, either directly in the shape of leaves and twigs or 

 by the shelter they afford to the soil. In most cases it will 

 be found that the direct profit from grazing is greater than 

 that which could be obtained under the strictest system of 

 closure for timber growing. 



SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS OF A WORKING SCHEME. 



Subjects to be dealt with. — The application of the method 

 of treatment adopted may inrolve thinnings, cleanings or 

 even selection or other fellings being carried on in various 

 parts of the working-circle, blanks or other areas being 

 re-stocked artificially, or valuable species being introduced 

 into the crop. It will also generally be necessary to regulate 

 the grazing of cattle and the removal of produce by right- 

 holders, or of dead and fallen wood ; and, as a rule, to 

 provide generally for certain improvements, such as the 

 construction of roads or buildings, for fire- protection, etc. 



Improvement fellings.— These, if any are to be made, wDl 

 have been indicated with the method of treatment. In all 

 cases they will be prescribed by area. 



Sowings and plantings. — The importance of artificial re- 

 production in the mode of working will be indicated in 

 the method of treatment on which the necessity or other- 

 wise of such operations depends ; because regeneration may 

 be entirely obtained by artificial re-stocking, or the operations 

 may be confined merely to the re-filling of a few blanks. 

 The introduction of superior species into a crop will generally 

 be carried out by planting. 



Regulation of grazing. — Porest grazing in areas which 

 have been permanently set aside for the production of wood 

 should not be confused with the pastoral method of treatment! 

 already described. The two classes of forests are absolutely 

 distinct as regards the purpose for which they are managed. 

 It may be assumed that, as regards the former areas, it is 

 in the interests of the community at large, if not of the 

 population immediately surrounding the forests, that the 

 forest should produce timber, large or small. It may not 

 be necessary or expedient to exclude grazing altogether 



