XXXIX. COMPOSITAE. 255 



* OaI/ENDula. Herbs, with entire alternate leaves. Achenes with dilated margins, 



incurved, murioate at the base, 



* OsTBOSPERMUM. Shrubs, with entire or toothed leaves. Ray-florets female, spread- 



ing. Achenes rounded, indurated, smooth. 



Tribe VIII. ARCTOTIDEAB. — Heads heterogamoua, radiate. Involucral bracts in several series, 

 scariouB or spinescent at the apex. Ray-florets spreading, sterile. Disk-florets 

 hermaphrodite, fertile. Style-arms rounded at the tips, more or less concrete. 

 Achenes thickened. Pappus paleaceous or 0. 



* Cryptostbmma. Herbs, with radical pinnate leaves, white beneath. Achenes woolly. 



Pappus of short scales hidden amongst the wool. 



IX. CYNAROIDEAE. — Heads discoid, usually homogamous, the florets all hermaphrodite, 

 tubular, and regular, or nearly so, 5-merous. Involucral bracts in many series, 

 imbricate, often mucronate or spinescent. Receptacle usually setose or paleace- 

 ous. Anthers sagittate at the base, with fimbriate or plumose tails. Style-arms 

 short,. obtuse or pointed, often erect. Achenes hard, shining, or rarely rugose or 

 villous. Herbs, with alternate often spinous leaves. 



* Arctium. Coarse herbs, with entire leaves. Involucral scales hooked at the tip. 



Pappus of short bristles. 



* CABDU0S. Leaves often spinous. Involucre usually spinous. Receptacle bristly. 



Pappus-hairs not plumose, equal. 



* Cnicus. Similar to Cardutis, but the pappus-hairs plumose. 



* Cynaea. Involucral bracts large, ending in spreading leafy or spinous processes. 



Pappus-bristles plumose, unequal. 



* SiLYEnM. Leaves reticulated with white veins. Heads solitary ; involucral bracts 



large, each with a long recurved subulate spine. Filaments glandular. 



* Oentaurea. Involucral bracts tipped with a rigid spine. Outer florets often 



dilated, sterile. Pappus bristly or 0. 



S0B-OEDBB II.— LIGULIPLORAE. 

 Florets all ligulate and hermaphrodite. Herhs with milky juice. 



Tribe X. CICHORIACEAE. — Heads homogamous ; all the florets hermaphrodite, with narrow 

 tubular and ligulate S-toothed corollas. Anthers sagittate at the base. Leaves 

 alternate. 



* CiCHOEiUM. Leaves chiefly radical. Stem and branches rigid, leafy. Florets blue. 



Pappus 0. 



23. MiCBOSEBia. Leaves all radical. Pappus of flat scales tipped with simple or 



plumose bristles. 



* ToLPis. Involucre campanulate ; bracts 2-3-seriate. Achenes subterete, ribbed, 



truncate. Pappus of 3-10 slender bristles. 



* Lapsana. Involucral bracts 1-seriate. Pappus 0. 



24. PicRis. Stems leafy, hispid. Outer involucral bracts many. Achenes terete ; beak 



long or short. Pappus 2-oo-seriate, plumose. 



25. Ceepis. Involucral bracts l-seriate. Achenes terete ; beak long, short, or 0. 



Pappus white, silky. 



* Hypochaeris. Involucral bracts bearing narrow bractlets. Receptacle sparingly 



paleaceous. Achenes beaked. 



* Lbontodon. Involucral bracts 2-3-seriate, the outer few and small. Achenes 



terete or fusiform ; beak short, Pappus of toothed scales or feathery bristles. 



26. Taraxacum. Scapes leafless. Achenes murioate, abruptly contracted into a long 



slender beak. 



Achenes very flat. Erect leafy herhs. 



* Lactdca. Achenes contracted into a slender beak. 



27. SoNCHUs. Achenes grooved or ribbed, not beaked. 



* Tragopogon. Involucral bracts long, I-seriate. Achenes with a long slender beak. 



Pappus-hairs plumose. 



