211 



Distribution. Winters in the Bahama islands. The only known breeding station is a 

 limited section of the jackpine plains in the northern part of the lower peninsula of 

 Michigan. The species has only twice been taken in Canada, both specimens being taken 

 in the lower Great Lakes region. Its nest should be looked for in the Bruce peninsula of 

 Ontario and around the Great Lakes west to the Lake Superior country. 



In the winter this species is confined within a limited oceanic island 

 habitat and is an instance of the difficulties in the way of abnormally 

 increasing the numbers of native species. It is evident that we can never 

 have in the north a greater number of Kirtland's Warblers than can live 

 through the winter on the Bahama islands. 



671. Pine Warbler, pk. — la fauvette dbs pins. Dendroica vigorsi. L, 5-52. A 

 dull green Warbler, the green changing to dull yellow on throat and breast with greyish 

 or brownish wings and tail and faint wing-bars; in high plumage rarely becoming fairly 

 bright yellow on throat and breast. There is little sexual or seasonal change. 



Distinctions. Very similar to the Yellow-throated Vireo but greener in colour and 

 with the yellow below stronger and more extensive. The white abdomen is inconspicuous. 

 The bill is lighter and warbler-like instead of being stout, hooked, and of Vireo type. From 

 the Yellow Warbler it can be separated by its duller colour and the contrast between its 

 wings and tail and body. Its preference for pine trees is at least suggestive of its identity. 



Field Marks. A dull green Warbler, yellow on breast with greyish brown wings, white 

 wing-bars. Canadian specimens are usually somewhat soiled and bedraggled in appear- 

 ance. Almost invariably found in pine trees. 



Nesting. In pine trees, 10 to 80 feet above the ground, in nest of strips of bark, leaves, 

 plant fibres, etc. 



Distribution. Eastern North America, west to the prairies and north to the limits of 

 the pine woods; breeding in Canada mostly beyond settlement. 



The preference for pines, which this bird shows, is striking. It is 

 rarely, if ever, found away from them. In consequence, it is likely to have 

 its plumage more or less soiled with pitch which gives it a dull and worn 

 appearance. Bright, clean birds of this species are rare with us. 



672. Palm Warbler, fk. — la fauvette a cotxronne rotjsse. Dendroica palmarum. 

 L,5-25. A dull or greenish Warbler. Male: all underparts bright or suffused yellow; cap 

 reddish chestnut. The breast and flanks are streaked more or less with rufous and a yellow 

 eyebrow line contrasts with dark cheeks and red cap. Females similar but colour subdued. 

 Juveniles and autumn birds are greyish brown above; buff below with faint streaks, 

 almost white on throat and suffused with distinct yellow increasing to pure yellow on 

 undertail-coverts. There is a blended yellowish rump patch in all plumages. 



Distinctions. The yellow underparts and red cap are unmistakable in all spring birds. 

 In autumn the vaguely striped underparts, brown back, and yellow undertail — coverts are 

 distinctive. 



Field Marks. The habitual, sandpiper-like upward jerk of the tail will distinguish 

 this from all other Warblers with yellow underparts, except the Prairie Warbler. The 

 bright yellow confined to the undertail-coverts, light throat, and vaguely striped buff 

 breast of the juveniles will assist in separation of the species from comparable forms. 



Nesting. On or near the ground in boggy ground or sphagnum barrens in nest of 

 coarse grass, lined with fitted feathers. 



Distribution. Eastern North America west to the prairies and north to near tree 

 limits; breeding mostly beyond the bounds of civilization. The Yellow Palm Warbler 

 is of eastern distribution west to the eastern Ontario boundary. The Interior Palm 

 Warbler occupies the remainder of eastern Canada. 



SUBSPECIES. The Palm Warbler is divided into two subspecies, the type form, the 

 Interior Palm Warbler D.p. ■palmarum, distinguished in adult spring plumage from the 

 Yellow Palm Warbler D.p. hypochrysea by the smaller amount of yellow and the reduced 

 brilliancy of the underparts which are slightly tinged with greyish. The two forms, how- 

 ever, are too similar to separate without specimens of both for comparison. 



