18 DISEASES OF THE NASAL PASSAGES 



induce sneezing and the character of the secretions from the 

 opposite nostril can be more easily determined. The probe 

 is then removed and inserted in the other nostril for a similar 

 examination. The nose in health is moist and cool with a 

 very thin, slight mucous discharge. The mucous membrane 

 is variable in color; in most breeds dark, in others light with 

 dark spots, and in a few breeds pink. 



Abnormal conditions to be noted are the following: 



Tumors— Small papillomas on the skin and mucous 

 membrane at the entrance to the nasal openings are fre- 

 quently seen. Epitheliomas extending from the lips to form 

 a diffuse enlargement which may partially or completely 

 obstruct the nasal openings. Polypoid enlargements on the 

 mucous membrane of the nasal passages are often noted and 

 can be accurately determined by using a small, fine wire 

 snare to pull them toward the nasal opening. 



Foreign Bodies.— Frequently in hunting dogs small pieces 

 of straw, twigs and other foreign material will be found rather 

 high up in the passages. These injure the mucous membrane 

 and often become deeply imbedded in it and the underlying 

 tissues. 



Parasites.— The Pentastoma rhinaria (Linguatula rhinaria) 

 is occasionally found in the nasal passages and when suspected 

 the nasal discharge should be examined microscopically to 

 reveal the presence of the eggs of the parasite. 



Infectious. — Distemper infection frequently takes place in 

 the nasal passages and produces both local and general 

 symptoms. Staphylococcus infection from wounds in the 

 mucous membrane, or as secondary infection following dis- 

 temper, is of common occurrence. In these conditions the 

 nose is usually dry and hot, showing numerous fissures on 

 the mucous membrane and nose at the borders of the nasal 

 openings. 



Hemorrhage.— This occurs often from injuries, as blows 

 over the nasal bones, fractures of the nasal bones; from 

 punctured wounds through the bones and from injury to the 

 turbinated bones. 



Malformations.— Some diseases (rachitis) produce a de- 

 formity of the nasal bones interfering with the free passage 



