420 DISEASES OF THE BLADDER 



to flow out. A rubber tube about 2 or 3 feet in length, 

 provided with a funnel, is attached to the catheter. The 

 tube is elevated and a warm, normal salt solution (40.0-70.0) 

 allowed to flow into the bladder. The tube is then depressed 

 to siphon out the fluid. Following the injection, it is 

 advisable to use some of the mild disinfectants as boric acid 

 (2 per cent.), or ichthyol solution (1-2 per cent.). These 

 should be allowed to remain in the bladder five to ten min- 

 utes and then removed. The injection should be repeated in 

 eight to twelve hours. In females the injections are made 

 much in the same way. Sometimes in the male, when 

 injections are to be made often, the urethra becomes irritated 

 from the frequent passing of the catheter. In such cases a 

 temporary urethrotomy may be performed at the ischial 

 arch, and the injections made from this point. Thorough 

 application of these solutions will often produce most 

 excellent results. 



TORSION OF THE BLADDER. 



This condition has been found to occur occasionally in the 

 dog. It leads to retention of urine and eventually to rupture 

 of the bladder. Death occurs from peritonitis and uremia. 

 Surgical relief should be attempted. 



CALCULI IN THE BLADDER. 



Calculi are more common in the dog than in any other small 

 animal. They appear in various sizes and forms. In some 

 cases they are very small and multiple; in others a single, 

 rounded concretion, conforming to the shape of the bladder, 

 is found. 



Etiology. —The factors producing concretions in the bladder 

 may be classed under three headings: 



(a) Local disturbance in the urinary organs. In this case 

 there will be found degenerative changes from the products 

 of the urine (uric acid), leading to necrosis of the cells, such 

 products forming the nucleus around which the salts deposit. 



