CALCULI IN THE BLADDER 421 



(b) Disturbances of metabolism in which there will be a 

 larger quantity of material eliminated in the form of phos- 

 phates, carbonates, oxalates (calcium and ammonium 

 oxalate), uric acid, urates (ammonium urate), etc. The 

 excess of these salts becomes deposited around the organic 

 nucleus, leading to bladder calculus. 



(c) The administration of foods rich in salts of various 

 kinds will increase the quantity in the body, and consequently 

 more salts will be eliminated. 



Forms and Varieties. — 1. Acid Urine Calculi, (a) Uric 

 Acid Calculi (Ammonium Urate).— These are small, hard, 

 smooth calculi, of a reddish or yellowish-brown color. They 

 are perhaps the most common kind found in the dog. 



(b) Oxalate Calculi (Calcium and Ammonium Oxalate).— 

 In form these calculi are rough on the surface, irregular in 

 shape, and usually when removed are of a dirty white or 

 yellowish color. 



(c) Cystin Calculi.— Soft waxy bodies, which no doubt 

 result from disturbed metabolism of nitrogenous substances. 

 Their color is brown or brownish-yellow. They are soft 

 enough in most cases to be crushed between the fingers. 



2. Alkaline Urine Calculi.— There will be found various 

 forms of these concretions, such as phosphates and carbonates 

 predominating, and in combination with other salts, etc. 

 These calculi occur either multiple, as particles of sand or 

 grit, or in single, large concretions. They are hard, irregular, 

 rough or smooth stones, of a white, yellowish or dirty color, 

 which are usually flattened, oval or oblong. 



The recognition of the different varieties of calculi is 

 important from the standpoint of recurrence and treatment 

 following their removal. 



Symptoms.— The acid concretions do not, as a rule, produce 

 any marked symptoms, except as they impede the flow of 

 urine. 



The large, alkaline stones are most productive of clinical 

 symptoms, and the ones which require the most radical 

 treatment. There will be symptoms of a catarrhal inflam- 

 mation of the bladder, and pus is discharged with the urine. 

 Micturition is painful, and only small quantities of urine are 



