VI 
ANIMAL TRAINING AND ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE 
Ir is a long time since naturalists and philoso- 
phers maintained the doctrine that animals were 
mere machines controlled by an inflexible and im- 
pulsive something vaguely called “instinct.” All 
reflective men now believe that the mind of an 
animal differs from the human intellect only in 
degree, and to say that brutes have no capability 
of comprehending new ideas, of acquiring and 
memorizing novel information, and therefore of 
improving their minds, would be to go counter to 
all human experience. 
The extent of this capability, however, remains 
a question, and one upon which close observation 
of our domestic animals, our pets, and particularly 
of those animals trained for the amusement of the 
public, is calculated to throw much light. The 
study of wild animals in their native haunts may 
inform us what progress each has made in adapt- 
ing itself to the natural conditions of its life; but 
the study of tamed animals, placed under new con- 
ditions and influences, will show whether these 
are capable of further or, at any rate, divergent 
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