VI ANIMAL TRAINING AND INTELLIGENCE 163 
During the World’s Fair at Chicago, and for 
some years afterward, the principal cities of the 
United States were treated to exhibitions of Ha- 
genbeck’s remarkable troupes of trained animals. 
Hagenbeck was at the head of a firm in Hamburg 
which dealt more largely than any other in the 
world in living animals for zodlogical gardens 
and menageries, and it was natural that he should 
produce the excellent exhibition he had organized. 
In numbers, variety, and freedom from visible 
restraint, these troupes exceeded anything seen 
upon the modern stage, though it is likely that 
the shows in the ancient Roman arenas equalled 
or even exceeded them in both skill and audacity. 
The crowning spectacle of each performance was, 
as I have hinted, a tableau in which lions and 
lionesses, tigers and their mates, leopards, jaguars, 
pumas, bears, and now and then other beasts, 
wholly unchained, mounted upon stands and ar- 
ranged themselves into a sort of pyramid, well 
worth beholding; but they were required to keep 
this formal position only a few seconds, when 
they gladly obeyed the ring-master’s permission to 
come down and rush away to their dens. But, 
after all, interesting as this spectacular “act” was, 
it was remarkable only in showing how the most 
savage and naturally jealous and quarrelsome 
carnivora can be made to keep the peace in each 
other’s company. 
It is doubtful whether lions, tigers, and their 
