JIALFORMATKINS. 103 



right ; the four compartmerits of the stomach were transposed, 

 the rumen being on the right side, and the spleen being in con- 

 tact with the right side of the diaphragm ; the liver was on the 

 left side and the right kidney was posterior to the left which 

 was swinging free as the right usually does. 



Transposition of visceral organs prol)al)ly results from an 

 irregularit_v of the allantoic veins and their continuation. In 

 normal development the right vein atrophies and the left vein 

 becomes larger in earlv emljrvonic hfe and if for any reason 

 the left vein atrophies and the right vein l)ecomes longer then 

 the visceral organs tend to develop in the reverse position, ' 



PERSISTENT FOETAL STRUCTURES, — All the malformations are 

 grouped into this class that retain cml)ryonic or foetal structures 

 abnormal to extra-uterine forms of life. 



Cryptorchids — ( Gr. Kruptcin — to hide and orchis-testicle) are 

 probablv the most fre(|uent malformations resulting from the 

 persistence of a foetal structure. The testicles of domestic ani- 

 mals are formed within the abdominal cavit\- during embryonic 

 life and later migrate, except in fowls, birds, etc., to their per- 

 manent position in the scrotum. Cryptorchids are animals in 

 wdiich the testicle was properlv formed, but did not descend 

 to the scrotum. Dr. DeW'olf carefully inspected -1G71 male 

 hogs and found 9S single and 7 double cryptorchids. 



Cloacal Persistence. — During embryonic life the rectum and 

 urogenital tract terminate in one comruon cavity known as the 

 cloaca. The cloaca persists throughf>ut life in the avidae, but 

 not in mammalia. H. Brassy Edwards, M. R. C. V. S., reported 

 a case in the veterinary Journa! of an imperforate anus in a 

 brindle bull bitch pup 1" days old. There was no trace of an anus 

 and the prominence usually felt in the perineal region of imper- 

 forate anus was also absent. On operation the rectum and 

 uterus were found to be fused, thus producing a cloaca. Dr. P. 

 Phillipson of Holbrook, Nebr., reported a colt in which there 

 was a cloacal formation. In this case the floating colon fused 

 with the uterus and the vagina was a common opening of the 

 digestive tract and the genito-urinary tract. 



Cervical ectopia cordis. — This is the name of a malformation 

 in which the heart is located hi the cervical region. The heart 

 is normally formed in the cervical region and if the anterior 

 thoracic wall closes prematurely, the heart remains in that re- 

 gion. 



MIXTURE OF SEXUAL ORr,,\NS, TTERM APlIROnTTTSM. The SCXUal 



•glands, ovaries and testicles, and the external genitals, of both 



