MALFORMATIONS. 105 



the individual possessing more or less complete sexual organs 

 typical of both the male and the female. Animals in which 

 there is a combination of sexual organs are termed hermaphro- 

 dites. According to the development of sexual organs, herma- 

 phrodites are designated as true and pseudo or false herma- 

 phrodites. 



A true hcrinaphroditc possesses secreting sexual glands of 

 both sexes, i. e., they have secreting ovarian and testicular tis- 

 sues. The external genitals of the true hermaphrodite may be 

 bisexual or unisexual. True hermaphrodites are rare, and fer- 

 tility of such animals is doubtful. True hermaphroditism may 

 be lateral, bilateral or unilateral. 



Lateral hermapliroditisiii is the condition in which there is 

 an ovary on one side and a testicle on the other. The follow- 

 ing example illustrates this type. The animal was a two year 

 old bovine and had an ovary suspended by the left broad liga- 

 ment and a testicle suspended by the right broad ligament. 

 The two glands had their normal appearance, typical of ovarian 

 and testicular tissues. This type of hermaphroditism is rare. 



Bilateral hcrimphroditism is typified by the presence on 

 both sides of an ovary and a testicle, or a single organ on each 

 side containing ovarian and testicular tissues. This type of her- 

 maphroditism, also is rare. 



Unilateral hermaphroditism is characterized by the presence 

 of a single organ, as an ovary or testicle on one side and an 

 ovary and testicle on the other side or an organ containing ovar- 

 ian and testicular tissue on one side. This type is not common. 

 Pseudo or false hermaphrodites are individuals having one 

 distinct type of sexual glandular tissue and in which the exter- 

 nal genitals partake of the nature of both sexes. _ This type of 

 malformation is more common in the male and is usually the 

 result of persistence of Midlers canal and the further develop- 

 ment of the uterus and Fallopian tubes. In pseudohermaphro- 

 ditism the testicles are usually retained in the abdominal cav- 

 ity. There are usually Fallopian tubes, vagina and uterus, the 

 completeness of which is variable. The appearance of the testi- 

 cle is variable according to the development of the female 

 external genitals. Pseudohermaphroditism is much less fre- 

 quent in the female than in the male. 



A rather well marked case of a pseudohermaphroditic horse 

 was obtained and carefully observed for some time after which 

 it was destroyed and the tvpe and relation of the sexual organs 

 were determined by dissection. In this animal the head and 

 neck while not decisive of either sex in general rather favored 



