234 



VE'I'EKINAKY I'A'I' H (JLOGY. 



iuL;" a cystic kidney). The former cundition is common in dogs, 

 the latter in hogs. 



:>. Ureter calculi have been observed but are rare. 



4. Cystic or vesical calculi are the most common of all urin- 

 ar}' calculi. Dogs and cats are quite subject to them, occurring 

 more frecjuently in the older animals, but the puppjr and kitten 

 are not exempt. Bitches and castrated male cats are especially 

 subject to cystic calculi. Jacks are frequently affected with 

 cvstic calculi, horses, goats, sheep and cattle less frequently. 

 A cvstic calculus IS x 20 cm. {7 x 8 inches) was successfully 

 removed from a i-vear-old colt bv Dr. E. S. Fry, of 



Fiy 12.3. — l'rmar.\ Calculi 



1, Prvputial calculus. 'l. Kunal pelvic calculi 



l\aperville, 111. Cystic calculi may cause no inconvenience or 

 they may produce sufficient irritation to establish a severe cys- 

 titis. Tliey may obstruct the urethral opening resulting in reten- 

 tion of urine and rupture of the bladder. Frequently they become 

 imbedded in the walls of the bladder, and may cause dilatation 

 or pouching of its walls. Sometimes the calculi pass out of the 

 bladder and become lodged in the urethra, resulting in retention 

 of urine, difficult micturition, and usually urethritis. 



."i. Urethral calculi are common in old dogs, also in the bull 

 and ram, and have been observed in the horse. They occur in the 

 urethra, in the beginning of the gutter of the os' penis in the 

 dog, usually in the first curve of the penis in the bull, just pos- 

 terior to the meatus urinaris in the ram and at the ischial arch 



