GYMNOSPERMS: WHITE PINE. 



309 



hears lateral leaves, and in some cases all gradations are present between 

 these lateral leaves on the axis and their consohdation into an ovuliferous 

 scale. In the normal condition of the ovuliferous scale the axis has disap- 

 peared and the shoot is represented only by the consoUdated leaves, which 

 would represent then the 

 macrosporophvUs (or carpels) 

 each bearing one macrospo- 

 rangium (ovule). 



Cnie of the most interesting 

 and plausible views is that 

 of Celakovsky. He believes 

 that the axial shoot is reduced 

 to two ovules, that the ovules 



Pine seed, section rif. sc, 

 seed coat; ", remains of nu- 

 cellus; end, endosperm 

 ( = female gametophyte); 

 cmb, embryo = young spo- 

 roph\"te. Seed coat and 

 nucellus = remains of old 

 sporophyte. 



Fig. zfn- 

 Embryo of white 

 pine removed from 

 seed, showing 

 several cotyle- 

 dons. 



Fig. 364. 

 Pine seedling just 

 emerging from the 

 ground. 



have two integuments, but the outer integument of each has become pro- 

 Uferated into scales \\hich arc consolidated. In this proliferation of the 

 outer integument it is thrown off from the ovule so that it only remains 

 attached to one side and the larger part of the ovule is thus left with only 

 ont- integument. This view is supported by the fact that in gingko, for 

 example (anrdher gymnosperm), the outer integument (the "collar") 

 sometimes proliferates into a leaf. Celakovsk.v's view is, therefore, not 

 very different from the second one mentioned above. 



