EXOGENOUS SERIES— NEEDLELEAF IVOODS. 163 



Hemlock. Tsuga canadensis. 



Nomenclature. (Sudworth. ) 



Hemlock (local and common N. Y., Pa., N. J., W. Va., 



name). N. C, S. C). 



Spruce (Pa., W. Va.). Spruce Pine (Pa., Del., Va., 



Hemlock Spruce (Vt., R. I., N. C, Ga.). 



Locality. 



Eastern and central Canada, southward to North Carolina and 

 Tennessee. 



Features of Tree. 



Sixty to eighty or more feet in height, two or three feet in 

 diameter. Short leaves, green above and white beneath. 

 Straight trunk, beautiful appearance. 



Color, Appearance, or Grain of Wood. 



Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood distinguishable. Coarse, 

 pronounced, usually crooked grain. 



Structural Qualities of Wood. 



Light, soft, not strong or durable, brittle, difficult to work, 

 retains nails firmly, splintery. 



Representative Uses of Wood. 



Coarse lumber, joists, rafters, plank walks, laths, railway ties. 



Weight of Seasoned Wood in Pounds per Cubic Foot. 



26. 

 Modulus of Elasticity. 



1,270,000. 

 Modulus of Rupture. 



10,400. 



Remarks. 



Canadensis refers to Canada, the locality where tree excels. 



The Southern or Carolina Hemlock (T. caroliniana) resembles Hemlock. 



The Western Hemlock ( T. heterophylla, Alaska to California) attains height of 



180 feet, diameter of 9 feet, and is said to afford heavier and better wood. 



This tree is known by the following names (Sudworth): 



Western Hemlock, Hemlock Spruce Prince Albert's Fir, Western Hemlock 

 (Cal.). Fir, California Hemlock Spruce 



Hemlock (Oreg., Idaho, Wash.). (England). 



Alaska Pine (Northwestern Lumber- 

 man). 



"The Western Hemlock.'' Allen, U. S. Forestry Bureau Bulletin No. 33. 



