388 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. 



TOLSTOI EOOKEKT. 



On the way to Tolstoi several pups and one bachelor were seen lying dead on the 

 beacli at the head of the lagoon, where they had probably been washed up from 

 Lagoon rookery by the recent gale. All were too rotten to make it possible to 

 determine the cause of death. 



At Tolstoi the water to a distance of 10 or 12 feet from the shore was found full 

 of swimming pups. The rocks were filled with others who were about to enter the 

 water or had just come out. These pups were swimming apparently with ease and 

 safety right in the surf, which was breaking with considerable force. 



DISSECTIONS OF DEAD PUPS. 



It is now possible to pass for a distance along the water front of the sandy area, 

 and from the rocks and lower part of the sandy tract a number of dead pups were 

 secured which were not too far gone to dissect. The following is a diagnosis of causes 

 of death in 19 cases : ' 



1. A female pup, in fair condition, found on the rocks near the first harem ; slight 

 contusion in the lungs; liver crushed; gall bladder broken so that gall had flowed out 

 among the intestines; other organs normal; evidently crushed by a bull. 



2. A male, in fair condition, a little lean; left side injured throughout length; 

 the left lung congested and flattened out; other organs normal; evidently trodden 

 upon, pressing the left side flat. ' 



3. A female, poor condition, very thin; right lung badly congested; other organs 

 normal; no milk in stomach; crushed, probably when weak from hunger. 



4. Female, thin; head crushed; suture between frontal and parietal bones split 

 open and bones spread apart ; all the muscles of the breast very much contused ; 

 lungs, throat, and heart badly contused; no milk in stomach; evidently crushed. 



5. A female, in fair condition, not too fat, but well nourished; found at water's 

 edge, jammed in between rocks; recently dead; an old pup with grayish fur; could 

 not have been stepped on where found, but may have been drowned and wedged into 

 the rocks by recent gale ; right lobe of lungs shows contusion, crepitation in the crushed 

 part, contusion probably due to contact with the rocks; water pours out of windpipe 

 clear case of drowning. 



6. Male, in fair condition, but not fat; lungs in good shape; heart with little blood 

 liver very dark; head all right; cause of death not apparent.^ 



7. Female, with absolutely no fat; lungs badly congested; other organs normal 

 but recently dead; still warm; crushed and suffocated while in a weakened condition 

 due to starvation. 



8. Male, excessively lean, not a particle of fat; lungs badly congested; heart 

 crushed; liver black; crushed while in starving condition. 



9. A large male found among the rocks as if drowned ; left-side muscles all contused 

 as by banging against the rocks; lungs badly congested ; liver slightly injured, evidently 

 by pressure; heart empty; contusion over middle of right hip; stomach full of milk; 

 probably drowned and thrown on the rocks by the surf in a recent gale. 



' It was on these and similar autopsies that the theory of trampling as a cause of death among 

 pups was put forward in 1896. The whole subject must now be revised in the light of the more 

 extended investigations of 1897. 



^This pup and No. 12 were probably the victims of Vndnaria. 



