MAMMALIA 



331 



wide. The cerebral hemispheres are much convoluted, but the cerebellum 

 has no convolutions. There are but two living species: one {El'ephas 

 ajricanus) is found in the forests of tropical Africa, the other (E. indicus) 

 is found in India, Ceylon, and the Malayan Islands. The African species 

 has not the two rounded bosses which give the wise countenance to the 

 Indian species, and its head slopes back more and the ears are much larger. 

 It is digitigrade, though a thick pad of fat makes it appear plantigrade. 

 It reaches the height of about 12 feet. " Jumbo " was 11 feet to the shoul- 

 der and weighed GJ tons. There are tusks in both sexes, but in this species 

 they are larger in the female. The tusks are used not only as a means of 

 defense, but especially the right one is used also for grubbing roots for food. 

 The Africa'nus is more active and savage than In'dicus, but it has been 

 tamed. It is not used in Africa now save for food and ivory. It is 

 long hved, maturing at forty and living one hundred and fifty or more 



Fig. 269. — Various uses of the trunk of the elephant: 1, Drinking; 2, 

 pulhng grass; 3, washing. (From Holder's " Elements of Zoology," 

 American Book Co., Publishers.) 



years. Elephas indicus is invaluable as a beast of burden on account 

 of its great strength, though not all are to be depended upon. One may 

 be perfectly docile and obedient, and another furious, vicious, and un- 

 manageable, but, stranger yet, they are sometimes exceedingly timid. 

 Baker tells of one he was riding fairly bolting at the sight of a hare. The 

 elephant rushes into the nearest jungles, when bolting, tearing through 

 the underbrush, while the rider is swept off or torn by the thorns. Its 

 obedience to the slightest sign of the Indian mahout shows that it has con- 

 siderable intelligence. Baker asserts that the locality and time of ripening 

 of particular kinds of fruit are remembered by it. The power of remember- 

 ing and recognizing individuals is proved by their revenge of particular 

 treatment of certain keepers. This group of ungulates appeared in the 

 Miocene. 



The Mammoth is an extinct form which once was found about the north 

 pole in Siberia, Europe, and America. It was covered with long, woolly fur. 



