MAMMALIA 375 



monkey is the most northern one in America, sometimes coming up to 

 latitude 32°. 



Perhaps the most typical of this family is the genus Cebus of twenty 

 species, ranging from Costa Rica to Paraguay. The common monkey 

 of the organ-grinder belongs to this genus. The thumb is well developed. 

 The color is usually dull brown, but one is brick red and others have white 

 about the shoulders. They are gregarious. Contrary to the general belief 

 that they are strictly herbivorous, they are very fond of caterpillars. 



"No monkeys ascend high in the Andes nor reach the west coast, and none 

 are found south of the forests of Brazil or north of south central Mexico. 

 Fossil remains of monkeys are rare everywhere, and known in the New World 

 only in the Santa Cruz Miocene formations of Patagonia; and they show 

 no more kinship with the Old World types than do the existing species."' 



Old World monkeys (Catarrhi'na) have the nostrils close together and 

 directed downward. There are open cheek pouches and but thirty-two teeth. 

 The tails are non-prehensile or even absent. Often there are hard patches 

 of hairless, bright-colored skin (ischial collosities) upon the haunches. 

 Catarrhine monkeys are larger and more intelligent than the Platj'rrhine 

 forms. These distinctions are ancient, "since no fossil remains of mon- 

 keys at all intermediate have so far been discovered, another evidence of 

 the very early time at which South America became isolated." 



Macaques and baboons (family Cer'copithec'idce) contains eight or nine 

 genera divided into two subfamilies. The first (Cer'copitheci'nw) consists 

 of rather large monkeys represented by macaques and baboons. They have 

 cheek pouches in which to store the food. All the macaques but one are 

 Asiatic. They are from 13 inches to 3 feet long, the male being larger than 

 the female, with larger canine teeth. They are gregarious, noisy, and active, 

 "scrambling about rocks, and some swim and dive well." In some parts of 

 India they damage gardens. Their dog-like teeth and strong nails are able 

 to inflict severe wounds. As examples, the bonnet monkey, the Gibraltar 

 ape, and the pig-tailed monkey may be mentioned. The latter is trained 

 by the natives to climb the cocoanut-palm tree and to select and throw down 

 the ripe cocoanuts. 



The baboons (Cynoceph'alus) are found in Africa and Arabia. The 

 African forms vary in size from that of a spaniel to that of a mastiff. 

 Their stout limbs are about equal, the nose and head are dog-like, and the 

 canine teeth long and sharp. They are the fiercest of all Primates. It is 

 said that even a hungry lion will not attack a baboon. The great ischial 

 collosities are strikingly colored, adding to the ugliness caused by overhang- 

 ing eyebrows, small eyes, ferocious disposition, and filthy habits. It is 

 said these collosities attract the kite bird, which mistakes them for raw meat, 

 and the baboon makes a meal of the bird. The color is blackish or a green- 

 ish or yellowish gray, grizzled by each hair being ringed with various colors. 

 The Gelada has a black body and a brown mane, with a gray chest. It looks 

 like a small lion with a baboon's hands and feet. Baboons like the open 

 country and the rocky hills and deserts. They go in troops. 



The second sub-family (Semnopitheci'nae) includes guerezas, the langurs, 

 or Asiatic holy apes, and the Bornean genus Nasalis. They are slender 

 apes with no cheek pouches and have a sacculated stomach. 



The anthropoid apes (Simi'idce), though chiefly arboreal, walk erect or 

 semi-erect when they come to the ground. Their hands and feet are fitted 

 for a half-arboreal, half-terrestrial life. When they put their hands to the 



' IngersoU, p. 37. 



