52 THE FUR SEALS OF THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. 
It is probable that with the cows, as with the bulls, the date of landing is influenced 
by age, the oldest coming first. The fact that the young cows are first impregnated 
early in August, coupled with the fact that pups are born as early as the 10th of June, 
shows that there must be a gradual recession of the date of delivery, which may 
reasonably be supposed to correspond to the increasing age of the breeding animals 
themselves. 
THEIR ARRIVAL NOT THE OCCASION OF FIGHTING. 
The observations of the season of 1897 must also correct the tradition that the 
first appearance of the cows is the signal for a general battle among the bulls for their 
possession. Nothing could be further from the truth. There was in 1897 no general 
disturbance at this time nor during the month of June. No general recognition of 
the arrival of the cows was made by the bulls. The landing female reconnoitered the 
shore, swimming backward and forward until she was satisfied of the location, and 
then landed on the rocks, being taken in charge by the nearest bull. If the bull 
discovered the landing cow and attempted to secure her, she escaped to the water if 
she could; if not, she submitted to the inevitable, -and took up her place beside him. 
Sometimes the escaping cow was overtaken by the bull and carried back. If the cow 
escaped, she usually returned to the same place, and in time was located there. 
THE MANNER OF LANDING. 
This represented the method of the earliest arrivals. The choice of the cow was 
limited to the place of landing. When a bull once obtained a cow, his harem became 
the objective point for all cows landing in its vicinity. The landing cow came in 
quietly and took her place among the others, in most cases without even the knowledge 
of the bull whose circle she joined. When he became aware of her presence, he gave 
her a cordial welcome, taking occasion to round up his harem and to show the new 
arrival marked attention. As a result of this desire of the cow to join the crowd, 
it happened that large harems were formed at favorite landing places which grew 
constantly in numbers, though the shore front on either side remained for the time 
being entirely wanting in cows. On all the massed rookery portions this became the 
regular method of development. ; 
MASSED ROOKERY FORMATION. 
The large mass of breeding seals on Tolstoi sand flat* was originally a single 
harem, which in the course of time numbered upwards of a hundred cows in charge of 
a single bull. So long as the cows lay quietly resting before and after the birth of 
their pups the single bull was able to control them all. But in time the task became 
too great, and when the cows began to come in heat in numbers, he soon lost control 
of them. The idle bulls about him entered the circle. He was unable to exclude 
them, and in time a Jarge number of bulls controlled the mass in common, apparently 
without clearly defined harems. With the podding and scattering of the pups and 
the influx of new cows, the seals became spread out over larger areas, and new bulls 
were taken into the circle until the tarthest limit of expansion was reached. 
What was true for Tolstoi was true also for the great breeding masses on the 
other large rookeries. Under Hutchinson Hill, the great mass occupying this space 
* See plate opposite p. 40, 
