ESTIMATES MADE BY TRUE AND TOWNSEND. 85 
It .is not possible for us to. suggest any explanation or justification for the vagaries 
which these estimates of Mr. Elliott show, and they need not be further discussed 
here. _In an appendix to the recent republication,! by order of Cougress, of reports 
of agents and others connected with the fur-seal islands, they have been considered 
at length in connection with the subject-matter of the reports of which they are 
a part. 
THE TRUE AND TOWNSEND ESTIMATE FOR 1895. 
Thay: 
The most recent computation of the seals by acreage measurements is that made 
by Messrs. True and Townsend in 1895. In this a decided improvement was made in 
securing the space unit occupied by the individual seal. Instead of using an arbitrary 
estimate, a count of the cows was made on Kitovi and Lagoon rookeries and on parts 
of Lukanin and Tolstoi. The area of the counted districts was then taken from the 
current maps, and the average space occupied by the individual seals found. For the 
4,110 cows counted, this average was found to be 46 square feet, ranging from 65 
square feet on Lagoon rookery to 29 on Tolstoi. As the spaces counted were all of 
the scattered or “unmassed” sort, an arbitrary reduction to one-half of this space, or 
23 square feet, was made for the crowded or “ massed” breeding grounds. 
Taking these averages and applying them to the acreage extent of the breeding 
grounds as obtained from the current maps of the rookeries, an estimate of the popu- 
lation of all the rookeries was arrived at. The total number so obtained was about 
75,000 adult breeding seals. ‘To make it comparable with the former estimates of Mr. 
Elliott we may add the 70,000. pups, making a total of 145, 000 “breeding seals and 
young.” 
THE ESTIMATE MUST BE DOUBLED. 
In this enumeration it was assumed that, at the time the census was made, all, or 
practically all, the animals were present, including the yearling and 2-year-old females. 
The effect of this assumption we have already alluded to in connection with Mr. 
Elliott’s estimate. The fact is that at no time during the season are more than half 
the cows present. The estimate must therefore be doubled at least to make it 
represent actual.conditions. 
IT ANTICIPATED THE SEASON. 
But as a matter of fact, for the estimate of 1895 this will not be sufficient. The 
counts on which the estimate is based were made before the real maximum of popula- 
tion on the rookeries was reached. The counting was done between the 8th and 
10th of July, whereas the investigations of 1896 and 1897 show that the maximum of 
population is probably not reached until about the 15th of.the month. Mr. Townsend 
himself, in referring to the estimate of 1895, remarks that “the rookeries may not 
have (as yet) reached their breeding height.” 
ARBITRARY REDUCTION FOR MASSED AREAS, 
‘ 
Another weakness in this estimate lies in the arbitrary reduction to one-half in 
obtairing the space for the massed rookeries. Our investigations on this point seem 
1 «Seal and Salmon Fisheries, and General Resources of Alaska,” vol. 3. 
