ESTIMATE OF YOUNG FUR SEALS. 99 
during the season. The actual number represented by this total of rejected animals 
can not be exactly determined. From this it would seem necessary to suppose that 
by no means all the younger seals appear on the hauling grounds during the killing 
season. In fact the records of the drives show that it is only after the middle of 
July that the yearlings begin to arrive in numbers. The older bachelors appear 
earliest, and by the time the killing season is over the great majority of the killable 
seals are secured, leaving the population of the hauling grounds almost exclusively 
yearlings and 2-year-olds. 
THE 1 AND 2-YEAR-OLD FEMALES. 
What has been said about the 1 and 2-year-old bachelors applies equally well to 
the same class of females. These do not appear on the islands before the 1st of 
August. The 2-year-olds come on the breeding grounds and are scattered about 
among the harems, spending a few days and leaving. They come and go at intervals 
during the rest of the season, playing among the pups in company with their yearling 
sisters. It will never be possible to enumerate these younger classes of seals. 
THE LOSSES AMONG YOUNG SEALS. 
One element of uncertainty regarding all the younger classes of seals lies in the 
absence of any definite information regarding the losses they sustain at sea during 
their early migrations. We know that such loss must be great, but that is all. From 
all the data at hand it seems certain that not more than one-third of the pups born in 
any particular year survive to killable or breeding age. This percentage must have 
been still smaller in the earlier days, when the herd was more crowded and occupied 
to greater extent the sandy areas. Doubtless, when the herd was at its maximum, in 
the seventies, not more than one-fourth of the pups reached the age of 3 years. 
It is fortunate that no vital importance attaches to the exact number of these 
younger animals. The important matter is the number of breeding animals, and this 
we have. But it is worth while to construct an estimate of the younger classes, if. 
such a thing can be done, and in the quota of the year 1897 we have a basis for fairly 
satisfactory results. 
THE ESTIMATE OF NONBREEDING SEALS. 
During this season a quota in round numbers of 20,000 skins was taken on the 
Pribilof Islands. This number included some 2-year-olds and some 4-year-olds, but as a 
rule the animals taken were 3-year-olds. Some3-year-olds were left over, and some that 
would have been 3-year-olds in 1897 had been killed as 2-year-olds in 1896. We might 
even the matter up and say that the quota practically represented the normal quota 
of animals of 3 years old. ‘But as there are elements of uncertainty in the problem, to 
be on the safe side and for the purposes of argument, we may suppose that there was 
a maximum of 25,000 3-year-old males which did or should have survived in 1897 from 
the birth rate of 1894. An equal number of females survived from the same year. 
These young breeders, which came upon the rookeries to bear their first pups in 1897, 
have already been included in the estimate of breeding cows. 
As nearly as we can judge, the total birth rate for the year 1894 was approximately 
200,000. Of these, under normal conditions, about one-third, or something like 65,000, 
