THE PARIS AWARD. 233 
urged by it, and that “they were solicitous that this subordinate question should not 
interrupt or longer delay the submission and determination of the main questions,” 
the high contracting parties agreed that “either of them might submit to the 
arbitrators any question of fact involved in said claims and ask for a finding thereon, 
the question of the liability of either Government upon the facts found to be the subject 
of further negotiation ;” 
And whereas the President of the United States of America named the Hon. John 
M. Harlan, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the Hon. John T. 
Morgan, Senator of the United States, to be two of the said arbitrators; and Her 
Britannic Majesty named the Right Hon. Lord Hannen and the Hon. Sir John 
Thompson, minister of justice and attorney-general for Canada, to be two of the said 
arbitrators; and His Excellency the President of the French Republic named the Baron 
de Courcel, senator, ambassador of France, to be one of the said arbitrators; and His 
Majesty the King of Italy named the Marquis Emilio Visconti Venosta, former minister 
of foreign affairs and senator of the Kingdom of Italy, to be one of the said arbitrators; 
and His Hajesty the King of Sweden and Norway named Mr. Gregers Gram, minister 
of state, to be one of the said arbitrators; 
And whereas we, the said arbitrators so named and appointed, having taken upon 
ourselves the burden of the said arbitration, and having duly met at Paris, proceeded 
impartially and carefully to examine and decide all the questions submitted to us, the 
said arbitrators, under the said treaty, or laid before us as provided in the said treaty 
on the part of the Governments of Her Britannic Majesty and the United States, 
respectively ; 
Now we, the said arbitrators, having impartially and carefully examined the said 
questions, do in like manner by this our award decide and determine the said ques- 
tions in the manner following; that is to say, we decide and determine as to the five 
points mentioned in Article VI as to which our award is to embrace a distinct decision 
upon each of them: 
As to the first of the said five points, we, the said Baron de Courcel, Mr. Justice 
Harlan, Lord Hannen, Sir John Thompson, Marquis Visconti Venosta, and Mr. 
Gregers Gram, being a majority of the said arbitrators, do decide and determine as 
follows: 
By the ukase of 1821 Russia claimed jurisdiction in the sea now known as Bering 
Sea to the extent of 100 Italian miles from the coast and islands belonging to her; 
but, in the course of the negotiations which led to the conclusion of the treaties of 
1824 with the United States and of 1825 with Great Britain, Russia admitted that her 
jurisdiction in the said sea should be restricted to the reach of cannon shot from 
shore, and it appears that from that time up to the time of the cession of Alaska to 
the United States Russia never asserted in fact or exercised any exclusive jurisdiction 
in Bering Sea or any exclusive rights in the seal fisheries therein beyond the Seay 
limit of territorial waters. 
As to the second of the said five points, we, the said Baron de Courcel, Mr. 
Justice Harlan, Lord Hannen, Sir John Thompson, Marquis Visconti Venosta, and 
Mr. Gregers Gram, being a majority of the said arbitrators, do decide and determine 
that Great Britain did not recognize or concede any claim upon the part of Russia to 
exclusive jurisdiction as to the seal fisheries in Bering Sea outside of ordinary terri- 
torial waters. 
