36 TELEUTOSPORES 
In the formation of teleutospores in the higher Uredinales, 
the spore-mother-cell first divides into an upper fertile cell and 
a lower sterile cell, which elongates more or less to form the 
pedicel, The upper cell may remain undivided, or may divide 
again: the lower of these two may then continue to divide and 
so on, to form a many-celled chain. When the chain is long, as 
in Xenodochus, it is seen very clearly that the spores are formed 
like eecidiospores to this extent that the uppermost is always 
the most mature. This may be taken as a sign that they are 
modifications of zcidiospores to form resting-spores. In Hndo- 
phyllum the sxcidiospores previously mentioned germinate as 
soon as mature with a basidium, and are therefore teleutospores 
also: this is the primitive state of things from which the 
present wide division of labour into rejuvenating (ecidio-), 
multiplying (uredo-), and resting (teleuto-) spores has been 
evolved. 
In some of the lower Uredinales, the teleutospores are 
formed beneath the cuticle or in the epidermal cells, but the 
usual position is directly beneath the epidermis. Throughout 
the whole group the colour of teleutospores is almost uniformly 
brown, varying in shade from a pale yellowish-brown up to 
nearly black. Their contents are, like those of uredospores, at 
first often oily and yellow, afterwards colourless. In the lowest 
genera, those found on Ferns, the teleutospores are quite 
hyaline. 
Their surface is most often smooth externally, but occasion- 
ally marked with superficial unevennesses, such as warts, 
tubercles, lines, striw, reticulations, and pits; a few have spiny, 
papillose, or finger-like processes, either at the summit or all 
round. The majority of them have one pore to each cell, as in 
Puccinia and Uromyces, covered at times by a distinct, often 
hyaline, pore-cap; this is the highest type, being furthest 
removed from the many-pored ecidiospores. Other genera 
have 2 to 4 germ-pores to each cell, as in Phragmidium and 
Gynmosporangium. In some cases, as in Uromycladium and 
Ravenelia, the teleutospores are borne in bunches at the top of 
» common stalk, either with or without accompanying hyaline 
systs, i.e. abortive spores. An approach to this is found in the 
