CALYPTOSPORA GOEPPERTIANA 59 
side in crowded patches; they are brown and unicellular. They 
are not perfectly ripe till the following April; then, if the leaves 
are gathered from the forest-floor where they have lain all the 
winter, brought into a room and kept moist, the teleutospores 
will germinate in great numbers by sending out basidia in the 
usual way, though it is not possible to discern a germ-pore in 
the ungerminated spore. The basidiospores in turn infect the 
Pine, and the cycle begins again. 
In the Aspen the mycelium affects only the leaves and 
causes little harm, since the leaves do not fall off prematurely : 
in the allied species, Melampsora Rostrupwi, I have found the 
root-suckers round the parent tree to be most infested at first. 
Besides P. tremula, the Abele Poplar (P. alba) is also able to 
propagate the disease, as well as the hybrid between them, 
P. alba x tremula. The chief harm is done to the Pines: 
Hartig showed that seedling pines are often killed by an attack, 
but if the tree manages to survive over thirteen years it may 
recover. In any case the tree is more or less spoilt by the 
distorted and dead branches, and, if it is true that the zcidio- 
spores can spread the disease on the pines, it is evident that 
young seedlings, when seen to be infested, should be pulled up 
and burnt at once. Another precaution suggested by the life- 
history is not to allow plantations of the two species of poplar 
near to a seed-bed of Scots Pine. 
It must be remembered that there are several other 
Uredinales on Pinus silvestris, and also others on the Aspen 
which have no connection with Melampsora pinitorqua: the 
latter species can be easily recognised by the curvature of the 
young pine-branches, which is not produced by any of the 
others. Fortunately the disease is rare in this country, as in 
many other countries. 
Calyptospora Goeppertiana. 
THE COWBERRY AND SILVER Fir Rust. 
This fungus produces its teleutospores on the Cowberry 
(Vaccinium Vitis-idaea), and its ecidiospores chiefly on the 
Silver Fir (Abies pectinata): it has no uredospores. 
