ON CARYOPHYLLACEH 109 
a flat hyaline papilla, densely and minutely punctate, chestnut- 
brown, 20—31 x 18—24 uw; epispore 2—3 uw thick, not thickened 
at the summit; pedicels short, hyaline, deciduous. 
On Dianthus barbatus, D. Caryophyllus, D. chinensis. On 
cultivated carnations practically all the year round. (Fig. 61.) 
The “Carnation Rust” was introduced into England on imported 
plants about the year 1890; it sometimes occurs as an epidemic, causing 
much injury. The. teleutospore-containing sori are often clustered on the 
leaves and stems in circinate or elongated swollen patches ; uredospores 
are mixed with them. The punctation of the teleutospores is perceptible 
only when they are viewed dry, and at the best is very indistinct. 
It is stated by Tranzschel and Fischer that this species is hetercecious, 
and has its ecidium on Luphorbia Gerardiana, but as this Euphorbia 
does not occur in Britain, the parasite probably maintains itself here 
without hetercecism. It is remarked by Sydow that the same is true in 
Switzerland, at least in certain cases; but see Fischer (p. 530) who 
produced the fungus, from an wcidium on E, Gerardiana, on Saponaria 
ocymoides, but not on Dianthus. The fungus has now spread round the 
world in greenhouses, but only in the sporophytic stage ; the cidium has 
not been recognised anywhere except in Europe. The best means of 
prevention are (1) the selection of resistant varieties, (2) good and careful 
cultivation, especially sufficient ventilation. If spraying is resorted to, 
potassium sulphide solution ($ oz. to 1 gallon) ‘is perhaps the best, but 
dilute Bordeaux mixture or copper sulphate solution (1 1b, to 50 gallons), 
or sponging with a rose-red solution of permanganate of potash have also 
been tried. The latter can be used even when the plants are in active 
growth. Besides spraying, every infected leaf should be plucked off and 
burnt as soon as discovered. This disease must not be confounded with 
the outwardly similar “Fairy Ring of Carnations,” caused by Heterosporium, 
but the same remedies apply to both. : 
DISTRIBUTION : Europe, Western Asia, Japan, South Africa, 
North America, Australia. 
22. Uromyces Behenis Unger. 
4eidium Behenis DC. Encyel. viii. 289. Cooke, Handb. p. 541; 
Micr. Fung. p. 197. 
Uromyces Behenis Unger, Einfluss d. Bod. p. 216. Cooke, Micr. Fung. 
p. 218. Plowr. Ured. p. 138. Sace, Syll. vil. 559. Sydow, 
Monogr. ii. 218. Fischer, Ured. Schweiz, p. 64, f. 48. 
Acidiospores. Aicidia usually hypophyllous, seated on 
spots that vary both in size and colour (yellow or purple) 
and are generally very conspicuous, solitary or collected into 
