296 PHRAGMIDIUM 
Uredospores. Sori yellow, roundish, often confluent, pul- 
verulent; spores ellipsoid to ovate, distantly verruculose, yellow, 
28-—32 x 21—24 yu. 
Teleutospores. Sori hypophyllous, large, roundish, thick, 
pulvinate, black, on conspicuous purple-bordered spots; spores 
b 
Fig. 224. Ph. violaceum. a, ecidiospore; b, uredospore; c, outlines of various 
mature teleutospores from the same sorus; d, young teleutospore before 
the middle coat is fully developed, showing the fusion-nucleus in each cell, 
and the gelatinous outer coat; e, mature teleutospore, the pearl-like drops 
are caused by the shrinking of the outer coat; ¢ x 200, the rest x 600. 
a 
cylindrical, of 1—5 (mostly four) cells, rounded at both ends, 
with a short yellowish papilla at the apex, hardly constricted, 
verrucose, brown, 65—100 x 80—385 «4; two germ-pores to each 
cell; pedicels long, colourless, swollen at the base. 
On Rubus fruticosus. Very common, especially near the 
coast. August—November. (Fig. 224.) 
This species is easily distinguished by its large conspicuous red and 
purple spots, and on microscopical examination by the predominance of 
four-celled teleutospores. These pass the winter on the leaves, which often 
remain green on the plant; they germinate with the greatest readiness in 
April. It is an interesting fact that on some portions of the coast, such 
as in North Wales, this species predominates, but on other portions, 
e.g. in parts of Yorkshire, as I was informed by the late Mr. R. H. Philip, 
its place is largely taken by P. Rubi. 
DisTRisuTIon : Europe, Egypt. 
