126 PRACTICE OF POULTRY-HOUSE CONSTRUCTION 
can be graded up against the foundation, turning the water away. 
The trench should be dug approximately three feet deep, or below 
the average frost line. Before laying the foundation, if the ground 
is moist, it is well to lay a three-inch tile in the bottom of the 
trench (Fig. 81, a), running it to some suitable outlet at a lower 
level. After laying the tile, the trench should be filled up to a 
depth of about one foot below ground with stones or coarse cinders 
(Fig. 81, b). This should be firmly tamped and levelled. This 
gives a good foundation on which to lay the stone, brick, or con- 
crete foundation wall, with little danger of heaving. A concrete 
wall is the most desirable and economical for the foundation. 
Making Frames for Concrete Walls.—The frames for concrete 
walls are usually made of one-inch material, preferably eight to 
of trench; b, tamped cinders over drain tile; c, forms ready for pouring concrete; d, forms 
filled with concrete, sill bolt in place; e, forms removed, foundation completed, and cinders 
filled in on both sides. 
ten inches wide. These frames should be made in sections, cleats 
being used to fasten them together, all cleats being on the outside. 
If the wall is to be eighteen inches high, the frames should be con- 
structed eighteen inches wide. They may be from eight to sixteen 
feet in length, so they can be easily handled. After the frames are 
made, they should be set in the trench so that the top is level with 
the top of the foundation wall when completed. They can be held 
securely in place with stakes outside of the frame (Fig. 82). The 
corners should be securely nailed together to prevent bulging. 
Every three feet, cross pieces should be nailed to keep the frames 
from spreading while the concrete is being poured (Fig. 81 c, d). 
The frames should be constructed and set up so that they can be 
readily taken to pieces without breaking the wall. One set of 
frames can be used over and over again. If they are no longer 
desired for that purpose, the boards can be used for roofing or 
