CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS 127 
other purposes in the building itself. If an extra-high frame is 
built, it is necessary to brace it above ground with diagonal stakes 
to prevent bulging. 
Concrete Foundations.—For the construction of the wall itself, 
the following materials will be necessary: cement, sharp coarse 
sand, and some material which will serve as aggregate or filler, 
as coarse gravel, stone, or cinders. For making the mixture, a 
mixing board should be made, large enough to allow room for 
shoveling the mixture over and over in two different piles (Fig. 
82). A floor 10 x 12 feet will give ample room for the work. A 
desirable mixture for the wall itself is what is known as 1-3-5, or 
one part cement, three of sand, and five of the aggregate. These 
should be measured, and should be mixed on the board in alternate 
Fie. 82.—Placing fresh concrete in completed forms for foundation wall. 
layers. A wheelbarrow of known capacity is very desirable. After 
the ingredients are on the mixing board, the entire batch should be 
shoveled over to insure a perfect mixing. To facilitate mixing, it 
is desirable to have a man with a garden rake do this work during 
the shoveling. After the mixing, all the water should be added 
that the mixture will hold; but not enough should be put on to 
allow any to run off; this would be a waste of cement and weaken 
the mixture. When thoroughly mixed with water, the concrete is 
ready to put into the trench, which may be done with a wheel- 
barrow or shovel. While the concrete is being poured, long bolts 
are placed about ten feet apart to later hold the sill. Thorough 
tamping is important, and to be complete the concrete should be 
