WATERING DISHES 155 
number of birds that are to feed from it. A hopper holding five 
bushels is much more efficient and more practical than one hold- 
ing one-half bushel. Tongue-and-groove lumber without beads is 
a suitable material for the construction of a hopper. 
Watering Dishes.—One of the primary requisites in the 
economic management of all classes of poultry is a constant 
supply of fresh, clean, cool water. Hence the selection of a suit- 
able receptacle in which to supply water is important. There 
are a great many different types and styles available, both home 
made and commercial. 
(1) Drinking water should be kept clean and free from dust 
and litter; therefore, a covered drinking vessel is better. (2) The 
vessel should also be of a type 
quickly filled or emptied, and be 
easily and quickly cleaned. (3) It 
should be so constructed as to pre- 
vent the birds from roosting on it 
and polluting the water with their 
droppings. (4) It should be of 
relatively large capacity, for a 
larger volume of water remains 
cool longer in the summer and 
does not freeze so quickly in the 
winter as in the case of an ex- 
tremely small volume. 
Location of Fountain.—If pos- 
sible the drinking fountain should 
be raised above the floor. A good ,,,, *¢: 103A practical drinking foun: 
i ain. en-quart galvanized fire pail 
place is a small shelf or platform  invertedina milk pan with three-inch rim. 
raised a foot or more above the ; 
floor, considerably larger than the fountain, so that the. birds will 
have room enough to stand on the platform when drinking. In 
the summer it should be located, if possible, where no sun will 
shine directly upon it and warm it up quickly. In the winter it is 
better to have the fountain in as sunny a place as possible. 
Types of Drinking Receptacles—Many types of dishes and 
receptacles are in common use for watering poultry. The-open 
pail set in the corner of the pen is the most common yet the most 
undesirable type. It is rather high for the birds and, being open, 
gathers dirt and litter. Shallow metal pans are frequently used, 
but are subject to the same disadvantages as all types of uncovered 
