USE OF EXOTICS 43 



sources, but it was considered very essential to present the data so as to 

 give, as nearly as possible, the French viewpoint on the silvics of each 

 important species. In order not to encumber the text these data on 

 species are given in the Appendix. 



Exotics. — Jolyet, on the authority of Belgian and French authors, 

 cites the following exotics as of possible value in France: 



Red oak {Qvereus rubra L.), rapid growth; hardy. 



June oak (Quercus pedunculata, var. tardissima Simonkai), hardy. 



White ash (Fraxinus americana L.), hardy; rapid growth. 



"Parrotia" (Parrotia persica C. A. Meyer), much like beech but can develop on dry, 

 shallow, limestone soils; Carpinetum zone. 



Common walnut (Jitglans regia L.), cabinet wood; Carpinetmn zone. 



Black walnut {JugUms nigra L.), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Butternut; White walnut (Jitglans cinerea L.), cabinet wood; a hardier tree; Carpine- 

 tmn zone. 



SheUbark hickory (Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Mocker nut hickory {Hickoria alba (L.) Britton), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Yellow birch (Betvla lutea Michxf.), cabinet wood. 



Black cherry {Prunus serotina Ehrh.), cabinet wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux), furnishes soft wood; hardy. 



Yellow linden (Tilia rubra var. euMora C. Koch), furnishes soft wood; hardy; from 

 Crimea. 



Manchurian linden {Tilia mandschurica Ruprecht and Maximovicz), furnishes soft 

 wood; hardy. 



Honoki; Japanese magnoUa {Magnolia hypoleuca Siebold and Zuccarini), furnishes 

 soft wood; rapid growth. 



Yellow poplar {lAriodendron tulipifera L.), furnishes soft wood; Carpinetum zone. 



Locust {Bobinia pseudacacia L.), a durable hard wood; hardy. 



Tree of heaven; Ailanthus {Ailantus glandvlosa Desfontaines), rapid growth and 

 hardy; near ocean in Laurentum zone, and in Castanetum zone. 



Chinese ''cedar"; Cedrela (Cedrela sinensis A. Jussieu), quaUty of ash but hardier; 

 near ocean in Laurentum zone, and in Castanetum zone. 



Keaki (Zdkova acuminata Planchon), wood like elm; requires fresh soil; Carpinetum 

 zone. 



Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poit) Britton), rapid growth; hardy. 



White fir {Abies concolor (Gord) Parry), rapid growth; hardy. 



Oriental spruce {Picea orientalis Carr.), drought enduring; comes from Asia Minor 

 between Trebizond and Erzervim. 



Lodgepole pine {Pinv3 conUyrta Loudon), hardy for "Karst" soils. 



White pine {Pinus strobus L.), rapid grower; hardy; hable to borers and parasites. 



Norway pine; Red pine (Pinus resinosa Alton), rapid grower; hardy; free from insect 

 danger. 



Use of Exotics. — Certain conclusions can be reached regarding the 

 introduction of exotic species: 



(1) Exotic species are almost always uncertain, even after they have 

 reached the sapling or pole age. Local species should be favored. 



(2) If exotics are used they should never be employed on a large scale 



