APPEARANCE OF AFFECTED LARVA 217 
of several large apiaries situated near together. At times it 
seems very mild and will even disappear of itself. At other 
times large numbers of bees will die in a very short period of 
time. The illustration (Fig. 104) shows a case where but thir- 
teen colonies remained of one hundred and five in eight months. 
The disease was not known to be present until two weeks after 
the bees were taken from the cellar in spring, only about six 
weeks before the picture was taken. As the winter loss was 
unusually heavy it is presumed that the disease was present when 
the bees went into winter quarters. 
American and European foul brood, it would seem, can be 
compared to smallpox and typhoid fever in the human race. 
American foul brood, like typhoid fever, requires a common 
source of infection, in the case of the bee disease the honey, 
in the case of the human ailment milk, water, ete. [European 
foul brood seems to spread among bees as readily as malignant 
smallpox among the human race, actual contact apparently not 
being necessary to the spread of either. However, until recently 
little was known about European foul brood and it is entirely 
probable that later discoveries will add much to our knowledge of 
the disease. 
Appearance of Affected Larva.—European foul brood 
attacks the larvee at a much earlier stage than does American 
foul brood and but a small part of the diseased brood is ever 
capped (Fig. 105). In bad cases large numbers of the larve 
will be found to be dead and misshapen while still white as 
shown in the plate. Later they turn yellow and finally quite 
dark in color. There is seldom any apparent ropiness in the 
dead tissue as in the case of the other form of foul brood. Sel- 
dom is there a noticeable odor such as is so apparent in advanced 
stages of the American type of the disease. Queen and drone 
larvee are usually attacked early. This is one of the common 
tests in early stages for determining which disease be present. 
The disease is usually more destructive in spring and early 
summer. 
