xvi OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 



coherent, when united together, but so slightly that they can be separated with little or no 

 laceration ; and one of the two cohering parts (usually the smallest or least important) is said 

 to be adherent to the other. Grammatically speaking, these two terms convey nearly the same 

 meaning, but require a different form of phrase ; practically however it has been found more 

 convenient to restrict cohesion to the union of parts of the same whorl, and adhesion to the union 

 of parts of different whorls. 



connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated without laceration. Each of 

 the two connate parts, and especially that one which is considered the smaller or of the least 

 importance, is said to be adnate to the other. 



free, when neither coherent nor connate. 



distinct is also used in the same sense, but is also applied to parts distinctly visible or 

 distinctly limited. 



§ IS. The Fruit. 



146. The Fruit (15) consists of the ovary and whatever other parts of the flower are 

 persistent {i.e. persist at the time the seed is ripe), usually enlarged, and more or less altered in 

 shape and consistence. It encloses or covers the seed or seeds till the period of maturity, when 

 it either opens for the seed to escape, or falls to the ground with the seed. When stalked, its 

 stalk has been termed a carpophore. 



147. Fruits are, in elementary works, said to be simple when the result of a single flower, 

 compound when they proceed from several flowers closely packed or combined in a head. But 

 as a fruit resulting from a single flower, with several distinct carpels, is compound in the sense 

 in which that term is applied to the ovary, the terms single and aggregate, proposed for the 

 fruit resulting from one or several flowers, may be. more appropriately adopted. In descriptive 

 botany a fruit is always supposed to result from a single flower unless the contrary be stated. 

 It may, like the pistil, be syncarpous or apocarpous (125) ; and as in many cases carpels united 

 in the flower may become separate as they ripen, an apocarpous fruit may result from a 

 syncarpous pistil. 



148. The involucre or bracts often persist and form part of aggregate fruits, but very seldom 

 so in single ones. 



149. The receptacle becomes occasionally enlarged and succulent ; if when ripe it falls oft 

 with the fruit, it is considered as forming part of it. 



150. The adherent part of the calyx of epigynous flowers always persists and forms part of 

 the fruit ; the free part of the calyx of epigynous flowers or the oalyx of perigynous flowers, 

 either persists entirely at the top of or round the fruit, or the lobes alone tall off, or the lobes 

 fall off with whatever part of the calyx is above the insertion of the petals, or the whole of 

 what is free from the ovary falls off, including the disk bearing the petals. The calyx of 

 hypogynotis flowers usually falls off entirely or persists entirely. In general a oalyx is called 

 deciduous if any part falls off. When it persists it is either enlarged round or under the fruit, 

 or it withers and dries up. 



151. The corolla usually falls off entirely ; when it persists it is usually withered and dry 

 (marcescent) , or very seldom enlarges round the fruit. 



152. The stamens either tall off, or more or less of their filaments persists, usually withered 

 and dry. 



153. The style sometimes falls off, or dries up and disappears ; sometimes persists, forming a 

 point to the fruit, or becomes enlarged into a wing or other appendage to the fruit. 



154. The Pericarp is the portion of the fruit formed of the ovary, and whatever adheres to it 

 exclusive of and outside of the seed or seeds, exclusive also of the persistent receptacle, or of 

 whatever portion of the oalyx persists round the ovary without adhering to it. 



155.. Fruits have often external appendages, called wings (ales), beaks, crests, awm, etc., 

 according to their appearance. They are either formed by persistent parts of the flower more 

 or less altered, or grow out of the ovary or the persistent part of the oalyx. If the appendage 

 be a ring of hairs or scales round the top of the fruit, it is called a pappus. 



156. Fruits are generally divided into succulent (including fleshy, pulpy, and pdcy fruits) and 

 dry. They are dehiscent when they open at maturity to let out the seeds, indehiscent when 

 they do not open spontaneously but fall off with the seeds. Succulent fruits are usually 

 indehiscent. 



157. The principal kinds of succulent fruits are 



the Berry, in which the whole substance of the pericarp is fleshy or pulpy, with the 

 exception of the outer skin or rind, called the Epicarp. The seeds themselves are usually 

 immersed in the pulp ; but in some berries, the seeds are separated from the pulp by the walls 

 of the cavity or cells of the ovary, which forms as it were a thin inner skin or rind, called the 

 Endocarp. 



the Drupe, in which the pericarp, when ripe, consists of two distinct portions, an outer 

 succulent one called the Sarcocarp (covered like the berry by a skin or epicarp), and an inner 

 dry endocarp called the Putamen, which is either cartilaginous (of the consistence of parchment) 

 or hard and woody. In the latter case it is commonly called a stone, and the drupe a stone-fruit 

 When the putamen consists of several distinct stones or nuts, each enclosing a seed they are 

 called pyrenes, or sometimes kernels. ' ' 



