xii OUTLINES OF BOTANY. 



104. In general shape the Corolla is 



tubular, when the whole or the greater part of it is in the form of a tube or cylinder. 



campanulate, when approaching in some measure the shape of a cup or bell. 



urceotofe, when the tube is swollen or nearly globular, contracted at t'.e top, and slightly 

 expanded again in a narrow rim. 



rotate or stellate, when tbe petals or lobes are spread out horizontally from the base, or 

 nearly so, like a wheel or star. 



hypoerateriform or salver-shaped, when the lower part is cylindiical and the uppei' portion 

 expanded horizontally. In this case the name of tube is restricted to the cylindrical part, and 

 the hori?ontal portion is called the limb, whether it be divided to the base or not. The orifice 

 of the tube is called its mmtth or throat. 



infundibuliform or funnel-shaped, when the tube is cylindrical at the base, but enlarged at 

 the top into a more or less campanulate hmb, of which the lobes often spread horizontally. In 

 this case the campanulate part, up to the commencement of the lobes, is sometimes considered 

 as a portion of the tube, sometimes as a portion of the limb, and by some botanists again 

 described as independent of either, under the name of throat (fauces). Generally speaking, 

 however, in campanulate, infundibuliform, or other corollas, where the lower entire part passes 

 gradually into the upper divided and more spreading part, the distinction between the tube and 

 the limb is drawn either at the point where the lobes separate, or at the part where the corolla 

 first expands, according to which is the most marked. 



105. Irregular corollas have received various names according to the more familiar forms 

 they have been compared to. Some of the most important are the 



bilabiate or two-lipped corolla, when, in a four or five-lobed corolla, the two or three upper 

 lobes stand obviously apart, like an upper lip, from the two or three lower ones, or under lip. 

 In Orchidece and some other families the name of lip, or labellum, is given to one of the 

 divisions or lobes of the perianth. 



personate, when two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube closed by a projection from the base 

 of the upper or lower lip, called a palate. 



ringent, when very strongly two-lipped, and the orifice of the tube very open. 



spurred, when the tube or the lower part of the petal has a conical hollow projection, compared 

 to the spur of a cook ; saccate, when the spur is short and round like a little bag ; gibbous, when 

 projecting at any part into a slight swelling; foveolate, when marked in any part with a slight 

 glandular or thickened cavity. 



resupinate or reversed, when a lip, spur, etc., which in allied species is usually lowest, lies 

 uppermost, and vice versa. 



106. The above terms are mostly applied to the forms of monopetalous corollas, but several 

 are also applicable to those of polypetalous ones. Terms descriptive of the special forms of 

 corolla in certain Natural Orders, will be explained under those Orders respectively. 



107. Most of the terms used for describing the forms of leaves (39, 45) are also applicable to 

 those of individual petals ; but the flat expanded portion of a petal, corresponding to the blade 

 of the leaf, is called its lamina, and the stalk, corresponding to the petiole, its claw (unguis). 

 The stalked petal is said to be unguiculate. 



§ 10. The Stamens. 



108. Although in a few cases the outer stamens may gradually pass into petals, yet, in 

 general. Stamens are very different in shape and aspect from leaves, sepals, or petals. It is 

 only in a theoretical point of view (not the less important in the study of the physiological 

 economy of the plant) that they can be called altered leaves. 



109. This usual form is a stalk, called the filament, bearing at the top an anther divided into 

 two pouches or cells. These anther-cells are filled with pollen, consisting of minute grains, 

 usually forming a yellow dust, which, when the flower expands, is scattered from an opening in 

 each cell. When the two cells are not closely contiguous, the portion of the anther that unites 

 them is called the connectivum. 



110. The filament is often wanting, and the anther sessile, yet still the stamen is perfect ; 

 but if the anther, which is the essential part of the stamen,- is wanting, or does not contain 

 pollen, the stamen is imperfect, and is then said to be barren or sterile (without pollen), 

 abortive, or rudimentary (84), according to the degree to which the imperfection is carried! 

 Imperfect stamens are often called staminodia. 



111. In unsymmetrical flowers, the stamens of each whorl are sometimes reduced in number 

 below that of the petals, even to a single one, and in several Natural Orders they are multiplied 

 indefinitely. 



112. The terms monandrous and polyandrous are restricted to flowers which have really but 

 one stamen, or an indefinite number respectively. Where several stamens are united into one 

 the flower is said to be synandrous. ' 



113. Stamens are 



monadelphous, when united by their filaments into one cluster. This-cluster either forms 

 a tube round the pistil, or, if the pistil is wanting, occupies the centre of the flower. 



