OUTLINES OF BOTANY. iii 



perianth is double ; the outer one called Galyj:, is usually more green and leaf-like ; the inner 

 one, oalled the Corolla, more conspicuous and variously coloured. It is the perianth, and 

 especially the Corolla, as the most showy part, that is generally called the flower in popular 

 language. 



(5) The Fruit, consisting of the pistil or its lower portion, which persists or remains attached 

 to the plant after the remainder of the flower has withered and fallen off. It enlarges and alters 

 more or less in shape or consistence, becomes a seed-vessel, enclosing the seed until it is ripe, when 

 it either opens to discharge the seed or falls to the ground with the seed. In popular language 

 the term /nwt is often limited to such seed-vessels as are or look juicy and eatable. Botanists 

 give that name to all seed-vessels. 



16. The herbaceous perennial resembles the annual during the first year of its growth ; but it 

 also forms (usually towards the close of the season), on its stock (the portion of the stem and root 

 which does not die), one or more buds, either exposed, and then popularly called eijes, or concealed 

 among leaves. These buds, oalled leaf-buds, to distinguish them from flower-buds or unopened 

 flowers, are future branches as yet undeveloped ; they remain dormant through the winter, and 

 the following spring grow out into new stems bearing leaves.and flowers like those of the preceding 

 year, whilst the lower part of the stock emits fresh roots to replace those which had perished at 

 the same time as the stems. 



17. Shrubs and trees form similar leaf-buds either at the extremity of their branches, or along 

 the branches of the year. In the latter case these buds are usually axillary, that is, they appear 

 in the axil of each leaf, i.e. in the angle formed by the leaf and the branch. When they appear 

 at any other part of the plant they are called adventitious. If these buds by producing roots (19) 

 become distinct plants before separating from the parent, or if adventitious leaf-buds are produced 

 in the place of flowers or seeds, the plant is said to be viviparous or proliferous. 



§ 2. The Root. 



18. Roots ordinarily produce neither buds, leaves, nor flowers. Their branches, a&VLedi fibres 

 when slender and long, proceed irregularly from any part of their surface. 



19. Although roots proceed usually from the base of the stem or stock, they may also be pro- 

 duced from the base of any bud, especially if the bud lie along the ground, or is otherwise placed 

 by nature or art in circumstances favourable for their development, or indeed occasionally from 

 almost any part of the plant. They are then often distinguished as adventitious, but this term is 

 by some applied to all roots which are not in prolongation of the original radicle. 



20. Roots are 



fibrous, when they consist chiefly of slender fibres. 



tubei'ous, when either the main root or its branches are thickened into one or more short 

 fleshy or woody masses called tubers (25). 



taproots, when the main root descends perpendicularly into the earth, emitting only very 

 small fibrous branches. 



21; The stock of a herbaceous perennial, or the lower part of the stemof an annual or perennial, 

 or the lowest branches of a plant, are sometimes underground and assume the appearance of a 

 root. They then take the name of rhizome. The rhizome may always be distinguished from the 

 true root by the presence or production of one or more buds, or leaves, or scales. 



§ 3. The Stock. 



22. The Stock of a herbaceous perennial, in its most complete state, includes a small portion 

 of the summits of the previous year's roots, as well as of the base of the previous year's stems. 

 Such stocks will increase yearly, so as at length to form dense tufts. They will often preserve 

 through the winter a few leaves, amongst which are placed the buds which grow out into stems 

 the following year, whilst the under side of the stock emits new roots from or amongst the remains 

 of the old ones. These perennial stocks only differ from the permanent base of an undershrub in 

 the shortness of the perennial part of the stems and in their texture usually less woody. 



23. In some perennials, however, the stock consists merely of a branch, which proceeds in 

 autumn from the base of the stem either aboveground or underground, and produces one or more 

 buds. This branch, or a portion of it, alone survives the winter. In the following year its buds 

 produce the new stem and roots, whilst the rest of the plant, even the branch on which these buds 

 were formed, has died away. These annual stocks, balled sometimes hybemacula, offsets, or 

 stolons, keep up the communication between the annual stem and root of one year and those of 

 the following year, thus forming altogether a perennial plant. 



24. The stock, whether annual or perennial, is often entirely underground or root-like. This is 

 the rootstocjc, to which some botanists limit the meaning of the term rhizome. When the stock is 

 entirely root-like, it is popularly oalled the crown of the root. 



25. The term tuber is applied to a short, thick, more or less decumbent rootstock or rhizome, as 

 well as to a root of that shape (20), although some botanists propose to restrict its meaning to the 

 one or to the other. An Orchis tuber, called by some a knob, is an annual tuberous rootstock 

 with on^ bud at the top. A potato is an ftunufll tuberous rpptstocjc with several buds, 



