4 ANIMAL LIFE UNDER WATER 



distance, but the stunted sail, as it blends with 

 the hills beyond, is seen in a similar manner to 

 the gull's head. The rugged bluff on the right 

 towers overhead, while the distorted features of 

 the fisherman look down upon the observer as 

 if from a gallery. In this manner the whole of 

 the surrounding objects and scenery are crowded 

 into a cone, the vertical angle of which — A c B — 

 is one of ninety-seven degrees. 



Let us now consider the illustrations on the 

 next plate. These are photographs of the lesser 

 black-backed gull, a penguin and a rainbow trout 

 as they would appear if seen from the point c in 

 their positions as shown on the folding plate. In 

 the top photograph only that portion of the gull 

 below the surface is visible. This submerged 

 portion has the appearance of a bipalatinoid with 

 four feet attached at one end. The bottom half 

 is the bird, while the top half is merely reflection 

 from the surface of the water. The white streak 

 across the centre marks where the body of the 

 gull cuts the surface, and it will also be seen that 

 the portion of the white bird which is below the 

 water reflects the colour below, as does the 

 surface of the water. 



The penguin in the second illustration is 



