INDEX 



177 



Starfish, injurious, 105 



the herring gull's useful 

 work among, 105, 119 



Stavely, Mr., on grain-feeding 

 proclivities of herring 

 gull, 125 



Subaquatic life, and how pro- 

 tected, 10 

 mimicry as a factor in con- 

 cealment of, 15 



Subaqueous life, habits of, and 

 under-water appear- 

 ances, 1 



Surface-feeding gulls, plumage 

 of, 99 



Swans, their influence on fish 

 life, 163 



Swimming crab, the, 16 



Tench, the, its habits of feed- 

 ing, 158 

 Thorpe, D. Lush, 128 

 Total reflection, area of, 2 el 



seq., 23 

 (See also Reflection) 

 .Trout, a combat between two 



males, 152 

 and the loach, 21 

 author's observations of, 



20 

 concealment by reflection of, 



10, 18 

 " flashes " from, 18, 157 

 how they approach their 



food, 155 

 spawning season of, 151 

 the goosander as enemy of, 



164 

 the heron's partiality for, 



97, 98 



Trout-fishing by night, 46 

 Trout flies, appearance 

 149 

 experiments with, 138 



of, 



Undeh-wateb appearances, ob- 

 jects seen from below 

 as through a window, 2 



Waders, points affecting ap- 

 pearance of, 91 



Wading birds, value of colour 

 to, 94 



Ward, Colonel, a ten days' stay 

 at Rona, 84, 117 



Water, and its reflecting surface, 

 2 et seq. 



Water-hen, how it propels itself 

 under water, 166 

 protective coloration of, 13 

 under-water observations of, 

 12, 14 



Water-kingfishers, 133 



Whaling station, a visit to a, 

 84 



Whelk-spawn, percentage con- 

 sumed by herring gull, 

 1 119 



White anemone, the, and top- 

 light reflection, 11 



White-billed northern diver, the, 

 37 



White objects, reflecting power 

 of, 10, 37 



White-plumaged birds, and con- 

 ' cealment by reflection, 

 12 



Wild ducks, and the ova of fish 

 164 



