14 A FLORA OF MANILA 



Special f orms of leaves not included in the above definitions ' are the 

 following": Hqmtdnt when' the leaves are vertical, each overlapping the 

 next beneath as if thj^y were folded together lengthwise; cylindric when 

 with no definition between blade and petiole,, and cylinder-shaped; and 

 adcular when very slender and sharp, like needles. 



Sometimes the leaves are reduced to ttiere scales, and in the axils of the 

 scales are borne green, variously shaped branchlets which. have the func- 

 tions and appearance of leaves, as in Asparagus; these special branchlets 

 are called cladophylls or cladodes. 



Splid^ not _flat _ parts o f plants, such as fruits, some stems, some fleshy 

 leaves, seeds, etc., are described by special terms, such as ovoid, that, is, 

 egg-shaped, with the narrow end upward, and obovoid, egg-shaped, with 

 the broad end upward, corresponding to ovate and obovate in flat surfaces; 

 globose or spherical, shaped like a ball, corresponding to orbicular in flat 

 surfaces; ellipsoid when a vertical section shows an ellipse; turbinate 

 when shaped like a top; conical v/hen equally tapering upward, and 

 obconieal when tapering downward, in both cases showing a circle in 

 cross-section; pyraraidal and obpyramidal corresponding to conical and 

 obconieal, but showing square or polygon in cross-section; fusiform when 

 round and tapering at both ends; terete when the transverse section is a 

 circle; trigonous or triquetrous when 3-angled in cross-section; compressed 

 yhen more or less flattened laterally; depressed when flattened vertically; 

 articulate or jointed, if at any period they separate into 2 or more parts 

 placed end to end. 



As to consistence, leaves (and other parts as well) may be fleshy when 

 thick and soft; succulent, with about the same meaning but with rather 

 more juice; coriaceous when firm or tough like leather; chavtaceous when 

 paper-like in texture; and membranaceous when thin and more or less 

 flexible. 



Surfaces of leav es, stems, fruits, and other parts of the plant are 

 described as glabrous if entirely smooth, without hairs or projections of 

 any kind; rugose when wrinkled or marked with irregular raised and 

 depressed lines; striate when marked with parallel lines, ecabrid when 

 roughened by small projections; tubercula,te when covered with small 

 wart-like projections; muricate when the protuberances are hard and 

 pointed; and echinate when they are stiffer and longer, almost awn-like. 



The indumentum or cover i ng of lea ves and T)ther organs is various, the 

 principle forms ^emg:' Pubescent wfien rather softly hairy; puberulent 

 when the hairs are very short and soft; pilose when the hairs are long 

 and soft; ' fiirsute when the hairs are stiff and spreading; hispid when the 

 hairs are still stiffer; strigose when the hairs are short and stiflp and 

 are closely appressed to the surface, all pointing in one direction; tomen- 

 tose, woolly, or lamate when the hairs are soft and more or less matted 

 together; canescent when the hairs are grayish and not distinct to the 

 naked eye; m^aly or farinose when the indumentum is of very short hairs 

 with the appearance of meal, readily rubbing off; glaucous when pale- 

 bluish, often with a waxy bloom, and furfuraceous when covered ■with small, 

 spreading scales. 



Hairs may be simple or branched; if the branches are radiately 

 arranged, they are called stellate; if like a feather, in two ranks, they 

 are called plumose. Besides hairs, leaves and other or.gan8 may be more 

 or less covered with small waxy glands, and are described as glandula/r, 

 ^r with minute rounded, appressed sfales, being then described as lepidote.' 



