DEFINITIONS OP TERMS 17 



By the union of parts flowers are variously modified. The term connate 

 is used to express union of parts of the same set of organs, and adnate 

 when organs of one set are more or less united with those of another set. 



As to the perianth and its parts, when the sepals are more or less 

 united the calyx is described as gamosepalouB, and when they are quite 

 free from each other, as polysepaloiis, or ehorieepcdous ; with the corolla 

 when the parts are united it is described as gcbmopetalous or sympetalous, 

 and .when the petals are quite free from each other as polypetalous or 

 choripetalotia. 



THE COROLLA. — As to shape the corolla varies greatly in different 

 species necessitating various names to describe the many forms. Among 

 these special names are tubular, when elongated and shaped like a tube 

 or cylinder; funnel-shaped, when gradually spreading from near the base 

 to the. apex ; campanulate when the tube is broad and rather short, widen- 

 ing upward like a bell; salver-shaped when the lower part is cylindric 

 and the upper part or limb spreads horizontally; ureeolate when the tube 

 is ovoid or globose, contracted above into a short neck and again expanded 

 in a narrow limb like an urn; and rotate or stellate when the lobes spreajd 

 radiately from near the base like a wheel or star. 



A gamopetalous corolla usually shows differently shaped parts, the 

 contracted part below called the tube, the spreading part above called 

 the limb, and the junction of the two, called the throat. 



Irregular flowers may be papilionaceous as in the flowers of various 

 beans, consisting of a large upper and outer petal, the standard or vexillpm,, 

 two lateral petals usually much smaller- than the standard and very 

 different in shape called the wings, and the keel,^ consisting of the two 

 lower and usually smaller petals, often slightly connate and somewhat 

 resembling the prow of a boat. Another type is the labiate corolla, in 

 which it is more or less 2-lipped, the two upper lobes more or less 

 uniting to form the upper lip, the three lower ones to form the lower lip. 

 The ligulorte or strap-shaped corolla is found in some of the Compositae, 

 the base being a short tube, opening out into an elongated narrow, flat, 

 strap-like appendage. 



The arrangement of the petals and sepals in the bud is important; 

 they are valvate when their edges touch each other but do not overlap, 

 and imbricate when to a greater or less degree they overlap. They are 

 plicate when folded in longitudinal plaits. 



Some iJetals are distinctly stalked, and special terms are used to 

 indicate the different parts; the stalk is called the claw, and the broad 

 part the lamina. 



THE STAMENS. — In a few cases the stam'ens pass by gradual inter- 

 gradations into the petals but usually they are very distinct. The 

 principal parts, of the stamen are the filament and anther described above. 

 Collectively the stamens form the androecium. 



Stamens are most generally quite free from each other, or distinct, or 

 they may be variously united. When united by their filaments in a 

 single cluster they are called vwvndelphous; when in two clusters dia- 

 delphons; when in three clusters triadelphous, etc. When the anthers are 

 united and the filaments are free, they are called ^yngenesioM^ — In some 

 cases the filaments are entirely united, forming a gloEose or cylindric 

 tube, known as the stnwiva.l tube, bearing the anthers either on the inside 

 or at its apex. Stamens are said to be exser.ted when they extend beyond 

 the perianth. 



