18 A FLORA OP. MANILA 



As to their place of attachment stamens are epipetalous when inserted 

 on the corolla; hypogynoiis when inserted on the receptacle; perigynous 

 when inserted on the calyx; and epigynous when apparently borne on 

 the ovary. 



The anther is the essential part (.of the stamen. The filament is 

 frequently wanting, the anther then being described as seaaile. As to its 

 attachment it is adnitte when attached by its base, and versatile when 

 attached by a point near the middle. When it faces inward it is called 

 introrse, and when outward it is called extrorse. The anther usually 

 consists of two cells, but some have 1, 3, or 4. The filament is frequently 

 prolonged between the cells, this prolongation being called the connective. 

 The cells open to allow the escape of the pollen by longitudinal slits, by 

 valves, or by pores. Imperfect stamens are called staminodes. 



THE FISTIIr. — As androecium is a general term to include the entire 

 male organs, so gynaecium is a term used to include all the female organs. 

 The principal parts of the pistil are the ovary, style, and stigma as de- 

 scribed above^ (p. 16). The ovary is the essential part as it contains 

 the rudimentary seeds or ovules; the style is frequently wanting, the 

 stigma then being described as sessile. 



If the floral organs appear as though they were inserted on the top 

 of the ovary, the latter is then described as inferior; it the ovary is 

 inserted on the receptacle, and free from the other floral organs it is 

 described as superior; intergradations occur and we may have a half- 

 inferior, or half-superior ovary. When the ovary is superior the calyx 

 is often described as inferior, and when the ovary is inferior the calyx 

 is spoken of as superior. 



A pistil may be simple or compound. A simple pistil is one with a 

 1-celled ovary bearing a single ovule or row of ovules. A compound pistil 

 or synearpous ovary is one in which two or more carpels are more or 

 less united forming one body. It may be 1- to many-celled. 



The surface on which the ovules are borne is called the ylacenta ; this 

 may be basal, when situated at the bottom of cell; parietal when situated 

 on the wall ; or aocile when the ovules are attached to the center or axis 

 in several-celled ovaries. 



In most flowering plants the ovules are enclosed in the ovary, these 

 plants being known as the Angiospermae or angiosperms, but in one 

 group the ovules are naked, this group being known as the Gymnospermae- 

 or gymnosperms. 



In regard to their direction ovules are erect when rising upright from 

 the base of the cell; pendidoiis when hanging from the side or near the 

 top; suspended when hanging from the apex of the cell; and horizontal 

 when directed neither up nor down. 



In their development they are orthotropous or straight when they do 

 not curve or turn; campylotropous or incurved when by greater growth 

 on one side they become kidney-shaped, bringing the orifice down near 

 the base; amphitropous when the ovule is apparently attached laterally;, 

 and anatropous when it has continued adnate to its stock which remains 

 straight, the ovule becoming entirely inverted. 



THE EETJIT. — The fruit consists of the matured ovary and frequently 

 other usually enlarged and variously altered parts of the flower, that 

 persist until the seeds are ripe. They may be simple, those resulting 

 from the ripening of a single ovary, or aogrcfjale, when several to many 

 carpels of a single flower in development become crowded into a mass, 



