DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 19 



as in anona (jites, etc.) . A collective fruit is one formed of the carpels 

 of several to many flowers united into a mass as in the jak fruit (lanca). 

 The wall of a fruit is called the pericarp, and when the several layers 

 are distinct, the innermost layer is called the endocarp. the outermost 

 layer the exocarp, and the intermediate layer the mesocarp. 



Fruits that open at maturity are called deMscent, while those that 

 remain closed are called indehiscent. 



As to texture, fruits are described as succulent or fleshy when soft 

 and juicy throughout, and dry, when they contain no pulp. All inter- 

 grades occur. 



The principal kinds of fruits that have received distinctive names 

 are the herry, or baccate fruit, the whole pulp soft and fleshy with few 

 to many seeds imbedded in the pulp; the drupe, the outer part more or 

 less soft and fleshy, the inner part hard and stone-like; the achene, a 

 small, dry, indehiscent, one-seede^, seed-Hke fruit, like those of the Com- 

 positae; utricle, similar to an achene but the pericarp loose and bladder- 

 like, ultimately dehiscent; caryopsis or grain, like the fruits of grasses, 

 the seeds adhering to the thin pericarp throughout; nut a dry, hard, 

 indehiscent fruit; the legumo or pod, consisting of a 1-celled fruit splitting 

 regularly into two valves generally by both sutures, as in many Legumi- 

 nosae, or often indehiscent; follicle, the fruit of a single carpel dehiscing 

 by the ventral suture'; capsule the dry, dehiscent or indehiscent fruit of 

 a compound ovary. In dehiscent fruits the cells open chiefly in one or 

 two ways; if splitting through the, dorsal suture directly into each cell 

 it is called loeulicidal; if splitting through the partitions it is called 

 ^epticidal. Those that open by a circular lid at the apex are called 

 eircumsciss. 



Other forms of fruits are such as the co,n?, a multiple fruit consisting 

 chiefly of overlapping appressed scales, each scale bearing one or two 

 seeds on its inner face; the pepo, represented by the squash (calabaxa), 

 which is really a kind of berry; the hesperidium, such as the orange, 

 really a berry with a thick skin; the pome such as the apple, in which 

 the bulk is made up chiefly of the much-thickened calyx, etc. 



Some fruits are variously appendaged, chiefly for purposes of distribu- 

 tion. They may be covered with hooked or barbed bristles or with 

 viscid glands, or supplied with flattened appendages called wings, or with 

 tufts of long or short hairs, called the coma, as in many Compo^itae, etc. 



THE SEED.-^The seed is the fertilized and developed ovule, and is 

 exceedingly variable in size and shape, from the minute and almost dust- 

 like seeds of the orchids, to thfe very large seed of the coconut. 



The seed-coats usually consist of two layers, an outer thicker one 

 known- as the testa, and an inner more delicate one known as the tegmen. 

 The scar where the seed was attached is called the hilwn. 



Externally seeds may be smooth, pitted, wrinkled, or marked in various 

 other ways, hairy as in the cotton, winged, or supplied with a tuft of 

 hairs called a coma. Various appendages have received special names, 

 such as the prominent wart-like growth at the hilum in such seeds as 

 Ricinus (tangan-tangan) known as the cariivrJe; an often fleshy, colored, 

 entire or variously divided app^dage ,that in part or entirely encloses 

 some seed.-? is called the aril, seeds supplied v^ith this organ being called 

 arillate. 



In the fully developed embryo the most prominent part is the seed-leaves, 

 known as the cotyledons. In accordance with the number of these the 



