CLASSIFICATION 21 



So far as the following "Flora" is concerned but the two higher divisions 

 of the Vegetable Kingdom are considered, III Pteridophyta, the ferns and 

 fern-like plants, often called the vascular cryptogams, and IV Spermato- 

 phyta, the seed-producing or flowering_plants, often called the Phanero- 

 gdmia or phanerogams; the first division consisting of the fungi and 

 algae, and the second consisting of the mosses and scale-mosses are not 

 included in this work. Orders are not indicated. 



The following is the general scheme of classification of the groups con- 

 sidered in the following paper: 



Division III. PTERIDOPHYTA; ferns and fern-like plants. 



Clasp l.Filicales; the true ferns (four families in our area). 

 Class 2. Equisetales; the horse-tails (no representatives in our area). 

 Class 3. Lyoopodiales; the club-mosses (two families in our area). 

 Division IV. SPERMATOPHYTA; the flowering and seed-producing plants. 

 Subdivision I. Gymnospermae; plants with naked ovules; stigmas none 



(one family in our area, Cycadaceae). 

 Subdivision II. Angiospermae; plants- with ovules in closed ovaries; 

 stigmas always present. 

 Class 1. MONOCOTYLEDONEAE ; plants producing seeds with a single 

 cotyledon, eleven Orders (twenty-six families in our 

 area). 

 Class 2. DicoTYLEDONEAE ; plants producing seeds with two coty- 

 ledons, thirty-six Orders (one hundred and three fami- 

 lies in our area) . 



To illustrate the above scheme of classification, the common^ bamboo 

 known locally as eaiiayan or cauayan totoo, is known to botanists as 

 Bambusa hlumeana Schultes, the first name being its generic, the second 

 its specific one, while the third is the name of the botanist who described 

 the specie^. It belongs to the tribe Bambuseae in the Grass Family, or 

 Gramineae, of the Order Glumales, Class Monocotyledoneae (seeds with 

 one cotyledon). Subdivision Angiospermae (ovules in closed ovaries), of 

 the Division Spermatophyta (plants producing seeds). The determination 

 of a plant in practice usually means tracing it to its proper family, 

 genus, and species. To facilitate the identification of specimens artificial 

 keys to the families have been devised, while under the families keys to 

 the genera, and under the genera keys to the species will be found. 



THE PREPARATION OF BOTANICAL SPECIMENS 



The number of different species is sp great that for purposes of study 

 and comparison it is necessary to preserve material in a convenient form, 

 hence various rtiethods have been evolved for drying, mounting, and arrang- 

 ing botanical specimens. 



A botanical specimen of an herbaceous plant, to be complete, should 

 consist'of roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and mature fruit. It is 

 frequently impossible to gather all of these at any one time, and accordingly 

 later gatherings are often necessary. In the case of small herbaceous 

 species frequently everything can be shown by entire plants, but with 

 coarse ones it is usually convenient or possible to prepare sections only. 

 In- the case of woody plants it is unnecessary to secure -specimens of the 

 roots, but many collectors prepare thin sections showing the bark and wood. 



