POLYPODIACEAE 45 



6. Herbs without stipules or tendrils, usually with milky juice. 



133. Campanulaeeae\p. 462) 

 3. Stamens free from the corolla. 

 4. Stamens and pistil distinct. 



5. Corolla regular 133. Campanulaceae (p. 462) 



5. Corolla irregular 134. Goodeniaceae (p. 463) 



4. Stamens and pistil united into a column; small herbs. 



136. Stylidiaceae (p. 463) 

 2. Flowers crowded in dense heads. 



3. Heads not involucrate ; -leaves opposite, stipulate; flowers regular; 

 anthers free 131. Rubiaceae (p. 445) 



3. Heads surrounded by an involucre composed of many bracts;' leaves 

 various; flowers regular or irregular; anthers united; fruit an 

 achene 13&. Compositae (p. 464) 



DESCRIPTIOXS OF THE FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SPECIES 



PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FeRN-LIKE PLANTS 



In this group, also commonly known as the vascular cryptogams, repro- 

 duction is by means of spores of microscopic size, not by true seeds as in 

 the flowering plants. In the systematic treatment certain technical terms 

 are used, the most important being the following: The vegetative parts, 

 corresponding to the leaves of flowering plants, are commonly called fronds, 

 and in compound ones the divisions are called pinnae, the ultimate divisions 

 the pinnules; the part corresponding to the stem, is called the stipe . The 

 spores are borne variously, but in the true ferns usually in sori (dot-like 

 organs on the lower surface, margins, etc.), each sorus being made up of 

 many spore-eases or spqrocarps containing the spores; the partial or 

 entire ring of thickened tissue surrounding the sporocarp is called the 

 annulus. The sori may be protected by a thin, variously shiaped and at- 

 tached organ known as the indusijim, which may be persistent or deciduous ; 

 it is frequently entirely absent. In some groups the spores are of two 

 kind3, rnacrospores and microspores, the former being much larger than' the 

 latter. 



The most important supplementary literature for the Philippine forms 

 are the following papers by Dr. E. B. Copeland: "The Polypodiaceae of 

 the Philippine Islands" Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 28 (1905) 1-138, in 

 which 62 genera and 450 species of Philippine - ferns are described, and 

 "The Ferns of the Malay-Asiatic Region, Part I" Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 

 (1909) Bot." 1-64, including the Ophioglossaceae, Marattiaceae, Marsi- 

 leaceae, Salviniaceae, Osmundaceae, Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Parker- 

 iaceae, Matoniaceae, and Cyatheaceae. 



1. POLYPODIACEAE (Polypody or Pago Family) 



Ferns of very various habit from creeping or erect rootstocks, the stipes 

 tufted or scattered, jointed to the rootstock or not, the fronds entire or 

 variously lobed, pinnate, or decompound, the veins free or variously an- 

 astomosing. Sori definite, various in shape (round, oblong, or linear), dorsal 

 or marginal, or sometimes indefinite and densely crowded over the entire 

 lower surface of the frond, the sporangia usually stalked and provided with 



