CH. VI] METHODS OF TREATMENT 35 



a regular succession of graded ages year by year, with equal areas 

 of each, for the second and subsequent rotations. To obtain 

 equal areas of all ages it might, for example, be wise to fell an 

 area in the first year and then again a second time in the last 

 year of the first rotation. In any case the areas must be classified 

 by age, and a felling-table then made out so as to deal with them 

 in such a way that at the end of the first rotation there wiU be 

 left standing on the ground a complete series of all ages occupying 

 equal areas. The actual out-turn year by year during the first 

 rotation is not of first importance, and equality of yield for these 

 first few years must be sacrificed to obtain the future regular 

 constitution of the series. 



36. Coppice-with-standards. 



In the case of coppice-with-standards, the general arrange- 

 ment will be the same as with simple coppice, and the size of 

 the annual coupe will be found by dividing the area of the 

 working-circle, or felling-series, by the number of years in the 

 rotation, which in this case will often be about ten years longer 

 than in simple coppice. 



This rotation will have to be carefully considered from the 

 point of view of the objects of management, of the size and 

 quality of the produce required, and of the cultural character 

 of the species concerned, in given conditions of soil and climate, 

 with reference to both underwood and standards, since these 

 latter too will be materially affected by the length of the coppice 

 rotation, of which their ages will be a multiple. 



In addition, the working- plan must regulate the selection and 

 reservation of the standards. Here we must go back to the object 

 of management as regards the reservation of standards, before 

 we can decide anything as to the number and kind of trees to 

 be reserved. Generally speaking, the object will either be a 

 cultural one, such as the protection of the underwood 

 against frost, or else an economic one, such as the production 

 of timber of fair size. These two cases must be considered separ- 

 ately. In either case we propose to grow two kinds of crop on 

 the same ground, while the available amount of soil and sunshine 

 is strictly limited. The more standards we keep standing, the 



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