viii CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



SUBSIDIARY OUTGROWTHS (hAIRS, ETC.) . . 36 



METAMORPHOSED SHOOTS . . . ■ 3^ 



Spines, Thorns, and Prickles, 37 — Tendrils, 38 — 

 Cladodes, 38. 



V. LIFE-HISTORY OF FLOWERING PLANTS . . 39 



Frequency of Flowering and Duration of Life, 39 — 

 Methods of Resting, 40 — Methods of Vegetative 

 Multiplication, 41 — Order of Succession of Events, 42. 



VI. FLOWER . . . . . -43 



Flower of Buttercup, 43 — Flowers of Scotch Pine, 44 — 

 Definition of a Flower, 45. 



VII. GYMNOSPEKM^ : — SCOTCH PINE . . 47 



VIII. INFLORESCENCE . . . . -Si 



Racemose Inflorescences, 51 — Cymose Inflorescences, 

 54 — Bracts, 55. 



IX. FLORAL LEAVES . . . -57 



PERIANTH .... -57 



Calyx, 57 — Corolla, 58 — Perianth, 60. 

 ANDRCECIUM . ' . . . .60 



GYN^ECIUM . . . . -63 



Apocarpous Gyneecium, 63 — Syncarpous Gynjecium, 64 

 — Placentation, 64 — Absence of Stamens or Carpels, 

 66. 



X. ARRANGEMENT OF THE FLORAL LEAVES . . 67 



CYCLIC FLOWERS . . . . -67 



Obdiplostemony, 67 — Unequal Growth, 68 — Atrophy 

 and Suppression, 69 — Fusion or Cohesion, 69 — 

 Branching or Doubling, 69 — Symmetry, 70. 



ACYCLIC AND HEMICYCLIC FLOWERS . -72 



FLORAL DIAGRAMS .... 



^Estivation, 73 — Floral Formulse and Symbols, 74. 

 SHAPE OF THE RECEPTACLE 



Hypogynous Flowers, 74 — Perigyrious Flowers, 75 — 

 Epigynous Flowers, 75 — Other Modes of Insertion, 

 75— Disk, 76. 



XI. NECTARIES ..... 



POLLINATION ..... 



72 



74 



Gross-pollination, 78 — Arrangements for hindering 

 Self-pollination, 78 — Wind-pollinated Flowers, 79 — 

 Insect-pollinated Flowers, 80 — Self-poUination, 82. 



77 

 77 



