FRUIT 



87 



(ii.) Endosperm, but no perisperm : Buttercup, Violet, 

 Mallow, Castor Oil plant, and Grasses (fig. 118). 



(iii.) Perisperm with scarcely a trace of endosperm : Stellaria 

 (fig. 117). 



Outgrowths on Seeds. — The Violet and the Spurge have 

 each a little lump near the micropyle (fig. 158). Many 

 outgrowths are concerned with the scattering of the seed : for 

 instance, the long silky hairs or the seeds of Poplars, Willows, 

 and Willow-herbs, facilitate the dispersal of the seeds by the 

 wind. 



FRUIT. 



The consequences of fertilisation are not confined to the 

 ovules ; the carpels, and frequently other parts, of the flower are 

 stimulated into vigorous growth, whereas the remaining parts 



Fig. iig. — Fruit (legume) of Garden Pea, 



wither and fall off more speedily than they would have done 

 had fertilisation not taken place. That portion of a single 

 flower which persists after fertilisation until the seeds are 

 ripe is termed the fruit. There is one part of the flower 

 which invariably persists — the ovary (or ovaries) — this 

 remains to form a protective case round the ripening seeds. 

 Obviously the receptacle, or a portion of it, also remains. 

 The corolla and stamens almost always wither soon and 

 fall, consequently they play no part in the formation of the 

 fruit ; whereas the calyx not infrequently persists. 



The Pea (or Bean, or Clover) may be selected as having 

 one of the simplest of fruits. Its ovary, composed of one 

 carpel, enlarges and becomes the familiar pea-pod (fig. 119), 

 and constitutes the fruit inside which are the seeds. The 



