142 



DICOTYLEDONS 



inserted upon an enlarged fleshy receptacle, to which the calyx 

 {sp) and epicalyx {ep) still adhere. Dissemination. — The fruits 

 are dispersed by birds, which eat the juicy receptacle and 

 incidentally swallow the little dry achenes. These achenes have 

 indigestible hard pericarps, and consequently pass uninjured 

 through the bird's body. Vegetative characters (fig. 54). — 

 Note the "runners," also the stipulate leaves with three leaflets. 



Types III. : BLACKBERRY {Rubus fruticosus) and 

 RASPBERRY {Rubus idcBus). 



The flowers (fig. 173) are structurally very like those of the 

 Strawberry, the only important distinctions being that there is 



173 174 



Fig. 173. — Vertical section of flower of Blackberry (in the figure, the 

 terminal part of the receptacle {rp) is drawn more spherical than it is in 

 reality). 



Fig. r74. — Cross-section of a single ovary of ditto. 



no epicalyx, and the carpels contain two ovules each (fig. 174). 

 After pollination the behaviour is different, however. The 

 central outgrowth {rp) of the receptacle which bears the 

 carpels does not develop into a large fleshy mass ; it remains 

 relatively small. But the carpels enlarge considerably and 

 become one-seeded stone-fruits (drupes), which conceal the 

 receptacular lump in their midst. Thus the fruit (fig. 175) 

 of the Blackberry or Raspberry is compound : it consists of 

 a collection of small stone-fruits (d) inserted upon a receptacle 

 which bears'also a persistent calyx {sp). Dissemination. — The 



